Daniel Cooley, University of Massachusetts
Heather Faubert, University of Rhode Island
in the spring and early summer, both aphid species infest young trees, water sprouts, and vigorous terminals on apple, pear, and quince. Unlike rosy apple aphids, which spend part of their life cycle on plantain, both green apple aphid and spirea aphid remain on apple year-round.
Aphid nymphs and adults suck sap from apple leaves, favoring rapidly growing terminal and water sprout foliage. Leaf curling indicates aphid presence, but causes little or no damage. Aphids excrete large amounts of honeydew which may collect on fruit and foliage. Black sooty-mold fungus can develop on honeydew, discoloring fruit.
Rosy apple aphid feeding results in stunting of new growth and may cause sooty mold to develop on fruit and leave. As they feed, rosy apple aphids inject a toxin with their saliva that causes the leaf to curl and the fruit to be distorted. Of the aphid species that can be found on apple trees, the rosy apple aphid causes the most severe damage and is the most difficult aphid species to control.
The aphid overwinters on apple trees as eggs laid on twigs, bud axils, or in bark crevices. The black eggs are 1/2 mm long and football-shaped. The overwintering eggs give rise to only female aphids which give birth to live young. Shortly after silver tip the eggs hatch. The nymphs' color changes from dark green to slightly purplish or dull pink with variable amounts of greyish-white wax bloom. The aphids continue to reproduce on apples until summer, then winged forms are produced which migrate to other hosts such as dock and narrow-leaved plantain to spend the summer. Recent evidence, however, shows that the biology of this pest has changed and populations in orchards may no longer need to go to the alternate host plantain but can breed continuously on apple. In the late fall, winged forms migrate back to apples and lay eggs in bark crevices and on twigs.
A cool, wet spring favors aphid development because it provides conditions unfavorable for parasites and predators of aphids.
These aphids cause a decrease in tree vigor because of foliage loss and damage to the fruit through dwarfing, misshaping, and staining. The rosy apple aphid injects a toxin with its saliva that causes the leaf to curl and the fruit to be distorted. A single stem mother located on the underside of a leaf near the midrib will cause the leaf to fold almost as tightly as the outer wrappings of a cigar. The presence of only a few stem mothers can cause severe curling of all leaves surrounding an opening flower bud; within such curls, ideal protection is afforded to the rapidly developing aphids.
‘Cortland', 'Ida Red', and 'Golden Delicious' are the varieties most frequently showing fruit injury. Fruit adjacent to rosy apple aphid colonies is stunted, puckered at the calyx end, and ridged like a pumpkin.
Monitoring for rosy apple aphid is possible after egg hatch begins since the eggs of apple grain aphid and apple aphid are identical to rosy apple aphid eggs. Starting at early pink, select 5 to 10 trees per block. Sensitive varieties such as ‘Cortland', 'Ida Red', and 'Golden Delicious' should be selected if present. For 3 minutes, on each tree, count the number of fruit spurs showing curled leaves. The presence of more than one aphid-infested cluster per tree justifies an insecticide treatment to prevent fruit injury. Samples should be taken from the upper parts of the canopy on the inside of the tree where rosy apple aphid colonies are most common.
The green apple aphid, apple-grain aphid, and rosy apple aphid overwinter as eggs on twigs and bark crevices of apple trees. A delayed dormant oil application between green-tip and half-inch green controls newly hatched aphids.
Before leaf curling, an organophosphate insecticide or a 1 to 2 % application of insecticidal soap or summer horticultural oil can provide effective control of these aphids. Thorough coverage is essential. After petal fall, because the curled leaves protect the aphids, then the best control will be achieved with a systemic insecticide. Some insecticide options include Admire Pro and Movento (active ingredient: spirotetramat*, at a rate of 6 to 9 fl. Oz).
*Spirotetramat is an insecticide derived from tetramic acid, a systemic material, for the control of sucking insects in their juvenile, immature stages, including aphids, scale insects, and whitefly. It produces growth inhibition of younger insects, reduces the ability of insects to reproduce, resulting in mortality. Spirotetramat is harmless to slightly harmful to beneficials such as hoverfly larvae, spiders, predatory bugs, wasp parasites, lady beetles and lacewings.
WAA is a reddish brown aphid covered with a white wax mass produced by specialized dermal glands. This wax mass gives the insect its characteristic woolly appearance. WAA have a complex life cycle that can involve overwintering either on apple or elm. Once on apple they move to feeding sites on roots or above ground. Root feeding produces knotty galls, and extensive feeding severly taxes the root system. Unfortunately, the above-ground WAA population is not a reliable indication of the root-feeding population. Above ground, crawlers settle in bark crevices, pruning cuts, wounds, leaf axils, and occasionally the stem or calyx of fruit. Black sooty mold fungus can develop on WAA honeydew.
Female AM deposit single eggs under the skin of apples and, once hatched, larvae tunnel through apple flesh leaving brown trails. Egg-laying punctures are difficult to find unless the fruit is heavily attacked, as are most apples in an abandoned orchard.
Several species of borers attack apple trees in New England, especially young trees. Dogwood borers are probably most damaging, but roundheaded apple tree borers, apple bark borers, flat-headed apple tree borers, and leopard moths can also be found. Black stem borers, a tiny bark beetle, has recently been attacking stressed apple trees in New England.
Bait the trap with ethanol using one of the following three methods:
1. Squirt about a quarter cup of ethanol-based hand sanitizer (unscented) into the cap end (bottom) of your trap.
2. With the bottle capped, pour in a cup of cheap vodka through one of the holes made in the side of the trap.
3. Purchase a ready-made ethanol lure to hang inside the trap and fill the bottom of the trap with soapy water.
If using hand sanitizer, traps must be checked daily because the sanitizer will form a crust on the surface after 24 hours. If using vodka or a purchased lure, traps should be checked at least once per week. Beetles are very tiny and require the use of a microscope and training to identify them correctly to species.
Leopard moth adults can be monitored with pheromone traps.
BMSB is an invasive stink bug that feeds on a wide variety of host plants, including a variety of fruits (e.g., apples, stone fruits including peaches and apricots, figs, mulberries, citrus fruits and persimmons), vegetables (e.g., beans, corn, tomatoes and soybeans) and many ornamental plants and weeds. BMSB is currently distributed in 43 US states and 4 Canadian provinces.
BMSB is considered to be a landscape-level threat. This means that adults frequently switch between cropped land (agronomic crops, fruits, vegetables, ornamentals) and wooded habitats. BMSB nymphs and adults feed by inserting their piercing-sucking mouthparts into fruit, nuts, seed pods, buds, leaves, and stems and appear to prefer plants bearing reproductive structures. Their mouthparts can penetrate very hard and thick tissue, such as the hazelnut hull.
During the winter months, BMSB enters a type of hibernation called diapause. During this time adults do not feed and do not reproduce. Overwintering takes place in forested areas as well as inside houses and other buildings. In the spring, BMSB adults emerge from overwintering sites (houses, barns, storage buildings, and dead trees) and become active on nearby crops during warm sunny days. In the spring and throughout the summer, adults feed, mate, and lay eggs.
Commercially available traps and pheromone lures for BMSB monitoring provide valuable information on the presence/absence of BMSB and also help to decide if insecticide treatments are needed to manage this pest. Ag-Bio, Inc. (http://www.agbio-inc.com), Great Lakes IPM (http://www.greatlakesipm.com), Trece, Inc. (http://www.trece.com) and Sterling International are some of the companies that sell monitoring systems for BMSB. Monitoring for BMSB can start in late-May and needs to continue until early- or mid-October.
Monitoring devices.
Pheromone lures: Various companies are now marketing the male-produced aggregation pheromone of BMSB. Some pheromone lures incorporate the pheromone of multiple stink bug species, including BMSB. Therefore, efforts need to be made to correctly distinguish BMSB from other similarly-looking stink bugs.
Thresholds. Insecticide applications to apple orchards are recommended when a cumulative threshold of 10 BMSB/trap is reached. After the spray, the threshold is reset and subsequent trap accumulations reaching 10 adults per trap will trigger successive management sprays as the season progresses. This threshold is likely to work in peach orchards as well.
Insecticide sprays is the most effective control method for BMSB. It is important to select effective insecticides given that adult BMSB are hard to kill. Whenever possible, target the nymph stage, as nymphs are more sensitive to insecticides than adults. Multiple applications may be needed with re-infestation.
The overwintering generation of BMSB tends to be more susceptible to insecticides than the summer generation. Therefore, products with the best effectiveness against this pest should be used later in the season.
Insecticides should be rotated among products in different classes with different modes of action to delay the onset of resistance to pesticides.
Larvae cause two types of fruit damage: deep entry, where larvae burrow down into the core of fruit, pushing frass out as they go; and shallow entry where feeding occurs, but no tunneling is present. Both forms of damage render fruit unmarketable. Second generation larvae cause the most damage.
EAS larvae feed under apple skin producing a heavily russetted, winding scar often seen on mature fruit at harvest.
Green pug moths have been found in New England since the 1990s. The yellow-green larvae are inchworms that bore into flower buds at bud break and feed, causes blossoms to abort. One larva can damage several flowers and, where numerous, can significantly reduce fruit set.
White apple leafhoppers (WALH) and rose leafhoppers (RLH) feed on the underside of leaves producing small, whitish spots on the upper leaf surface. This "stippling" may cover the entire leaves and appear silvery. Leafhopper feeding can reduce tree vigor, but of more concern is the accumulation of LH excrement on apple surface. The LH leave dark, "tar spots" and is difficult to remove.
Potato leafhoppers (PLH) do not overwinter in here, but migrate north with summer storms, usually reaching New England in mid June. PLH nymphs and adults feed primarily on immature leaves and actively growing shoots in the outer part of the canopy. Leaves injured by PLH feeding turn yellow on edges, cup upward, and later turn brown or scorched. On mature trees, PLH damage may not be significant, but feeding on young trees stunts shoot growth.
Apple blotch leafminer and spotted tentiform leafminer hosts include apple, pear, cherry, plum and quince, favoring apple leaves.The first 3 larval instars feed on tissue between the two epidermal layers of the leaf causing a translucent, 'sap feeding' mine that is visible only from the underside of leaf surface. The last 2 instars feed more extensively on leaf tissues and their 'tissue feeding' mines are visible from both the top and underside of leaves. 'Tissue feeding' mine on upper leaf surface contains numerous white dots.
European red mites (ERM) and Twospotted spider mites (TSM) are the two most common mite pests in New England orchards. Spider mites suck leaf fluids and chlorophyll, resulting in "bronzed" foliage. Slightly damaged leaves cause little or no adverse effect to crop. Extensive leaf bronzing results in decreased photosymthesis, often causing reduced fruit size, premature drop and reduction in fruit set the following year.
OBLR attacks mainly apple and occasionally pear, peach, and cherry. Larvae feed on fruit skin, often close to the apple stem or where two apples are in contact. OBLR roll up leaves and hide in these shelters. Injuries occurring early in the season cause pronounced deformations of the fruit and are impossible to differentiate from the damage of green fruitworms. Late season fruit feeding causes small pits in the fruit surface that may go undetected until after long-term storage.
Native to China, OFM is now found throughout much of the world. The adult OFM is approximately 1/4 inch (6.5mm) long and has a faint gray-brown salt-and-pepper pattern on its wings. Pupae are reddish-brown. Fully developed larvae are about 1/2 inch (12.5mm) long, pink to white in color. Eggs are about 1/32 inch (0.7mm) in diameter, yellow-white, and laid singly on leaves or twigs.
OFM overwinters as a fully-grown larva (caterpillar), on limbs or trunk. First-generation moths appear in May, and females lay their eggs on upper leaf surfaces, frequently on the terminal leaf of a young shoot. When the caterpillar hatches, it bores into the shoot primarily of stone fruits, causing the terminal to wilt or “flag”. Later generations attack the fruit of both stone fruit and apples. In the northeastern United States, the OFM usually has 3 generations (flights) per year, depending on weather conditions. As fruit develop the larvae will often enter near or through the stem end of stone fruit or calyx end of apple and bore directly into the interior of the fruit. OFM larvae do not feed on the seed; in contrast, codling moth larvae do feed on apple seeds.
Pheromone traps are available to monitor OFM activity and effectively time sprays. Traps are placed in the inside of the tree at eye level or higher. Follow manufacturers’ guidelines for proper trap and lure maintenance and replacement. One trap per ten acres is recommended for commercial orchards, with a minimum of two traps.
Place sex pheromone traps in early April and check at least three times a week until biofix (i.e., first sustained capture of two or more moths per trap) is established. Then, calculate and record degree days to determine the percent egg hatch for each generation and timing of insecticide sprays (see ‘management’ below). Continue to monitor traps weekly throughout the season. Pheromone-baited OFM traps will also catch lesser apple worm, so it will be important to know how to distinguish between the two.
Several management options are available for OMF including insecticide sprays and mating disruption. Regardless of the type of OFM management method chosen, careful monitoring is critical to the success of IPM tools.
Chemical control of the OFM can be improved by using a degree-day model to establish optimum timing of insecticide sprays targeting newly hatched larvae since most insecticides are not effective at controlling adults. The most important spray against OFM on peaches is for the first generation. Keep in mind that there is a lag period for egg hatch after the moths fly. The first insecticide spray for OFM often coincides with petal fall, so sprays targeting plum curculio should also control the 1st generation of OFM.
Control measures for the second-generation egg hatch ought to occur at around 1,100 growing degree-days (base 45°F) after biofix.
With mating disruption, pheromone (sex attractant) dispensers are placed throughout the orchard. As the pheromone is released from the dispensers, male moths that normally use the pheromones to locate females become confused and fail to locate females. This interferes with the mating process. The densities of pheromone dispensers per acre depend on the formulation. Pheromone traps are used to evaluate the effectiveness of the mating disruption. If mating disruption is working, the pheromone traps should catch no moths. Mating disruption is only recommended for an orchard of 5 acres or larger in size.
If codling moth is also a problem in the same block, select a mating disruption material that releases pheromones of both species.
Plum curculio (PC) is generally considered the single most destructive insect pest in orchards. The most recognizable type of wound caused by PC is the half-moon scar, produced by ovipositing females. Prior to depositing her egg, the female first uses her mouthparts to cut a small crescent-shaped flap in the fruit skin; then, she turns around to deposit an egg. When eggs hatch, larvae tunnel into fruitlets and begin to feed. Larvae complete four instars inside the fruit in about 16 days. PC-infested fruitlets generally drop to the ground prematurely. When an egg is not viable, or a female cuts into a fruit but does not deposit an egg, the scar remains and can be seen at harvest, often making the fruit unmarketable.
Kaolin clay (Surround WP) is an OMRI-listed material that can also be complementary to conventional management strategies. Applied in suspension in water, kaolin clay produces a dry white film layer of interlocking microscopic particles on the surface of leaves, stems, and fruit after evaporation of the water. Kaolin acts as a physical barrier preventing insects from reaching vulnerable plant tissue. It acts as a repellent by creating an unsuitable surface for feeding or egg-laying.
Surround applications begin at Petal Fall and get reapplied weekly to maintain coverage and deter egg-laying.
SJS infested bark has a grey, roughened appearance due to scale insects on limbs and trunk. Infested fruit develop a reddish-purple ring surrounding each spot where a scale settles.
Spongy moth caterpillars damage fruit trees by feeding on leaves, flowers, and fruit. Generally spongy moths do not require management, but periodically, populations build up to very damaging levels.
Several species of stink bugs feed on apples in New England, but the brown stink bug (Euschistus servus) may be the most common. Brown stink bugs look very similar to the invasive species, brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB). BMSB is already causing problems in some locations in New England. For more information on this pest, see the BMSB section of this guide. For updates, see https://www.stopbmsb.org.
Stink bugs' long piercing-sucking mouthparts make deep punctures that create corky flesh under the surface. The puncture is difficult to see, even with a hand lens. Each puncture may be surrounded by a small greenish area that is slightly sunken. This injury should not be confused with cork spot, which usually occurs around the calyx end
TPB feeding up to tight cluster usually results in aborted fruit. Buds fed on from Tight Cluster through Bloom may be scarred. As apple develops, damage appears as deep, sunken areas, conical in shape, with associated light corky russetting. Damage is often confined to fruit calyx.
Winter moth caterpillars damage apple fruit by entering flower buds at Green Tip and then feeding on developing flower buds, destroying the flowers. Caterpillars continue feeding on opened flower clusters and leaves until late May.
Apple scab can occur on any apple tissue, but is most commonly seen on leaves and fruit. Small, raised, fuzzy, olive-colored spots will first appear on fruit cluster leaves near bloom, or on early vegetative leaves and immature fruit after petal fall. On leaves, infections may be visible on the top or undersurface. These primary lesions expand if untreated, turning yellow and eventually black. With heavy infections, the entire leaf turns yellow and drops. Leaves that are completely covered with scab are said to have “sheet scab”. Secondary lesions, formed by spores produced in the first or primary lesions, are similar to the primary lesions. They develop on vegetative leaves or fruit through the growing season. Scab infections on fruit first appear as gray to black spots that develop cracks as fruit grows. Tissue becomes brown and corky around and in infections. Multiple infections deform the fruit. In storage, fruit infected at the end of the growing season may develop small, dark spots called “pinpoint scab”.
A key to scab management is preventing primary infections early in the growing season. If primary scab is controlled, then there is no need to continue scab fungicide applications during the rest of the growing season. Primary control greatly reduces the chance that resistance to fungicides will develop, and reduces the chance of scab in the next season.
V. inaequalis overwinters in apple leaves infected the previous season that fell to the ground. Scab spores may also overwinter in bark cracks and in buds, and cause infection in the spring, but this is rare in New England.
Warming temperatures in the spring around bud-break stimulate the fungus to make mature ascospores in old, overwintered leaves. The first mature spores are generally available at the same time trees are first producing green tissue, green tip, though the relative amount of mature spores varies. The first type of scab spores, ascospores, can cause primary infections from green tip until all ascospores for the year have matured and been released, usually one to two weeks after petal fall, though again this timing varies depending on periods of dry weather. In orchards where there were very few or no scab infections the previous year, and where sanitation is done, the risk of infection at green tip is relatively low. The most intense spore release and highest scab risk usually occurs when trees are at pink through to petal fall.
Daytime rains release mature ascospores into the air when they are mature. Those spores may land on emerging apple leaves or new fruit causing primary infections. For infection, apple tissue must be wet for a minimum number of hours, depending on temperature, so it is important to measure the length of wetting periods. Near freezing, the fungus needs two days of leaf wetness to infect, while at 61ºF to 75ºF it takes only 9 hours. After infection, it takes from 9 to 17 days from the time of infection for visible symptoms to show, again depending on temperature. See IApple Scab Infection Periods.
Primary infections produce conidia, spores that cause secondary infections. Several additional secondary infection cycles can occur during a growing season, depending on rain, though apple tissue becomes more resistant to scab as summer progresses. In the fall, leaves drop and a new generation of ascospores develops the next spring.
Most commercial apple cultivars are susceptible to apple scab, and commercial management requires fungicide applications at approximately weekly intervals from bud break to two weeks post-bloom. However, spraying according to the calendar rather the the risk of apple scab will use more fungicide sprays than are usually necessary, so chemicals should be applied according to risk forecasts, most easily obtained using decision support systems, such as Ag-Radar or NEWA.
Detailed options for fungicide selection are given in the Apple Spray Table. The following is a general overview of chemical management of scab.
Early season - silver tip through tight-cluster. A dormant to green tip application of a copper fungicide primarily targeting fire blight is recommended, and is a spray that will also give 5 to 7 days of protection against scab. A combination of captan (3 lb. of Captan 50W or equivalent) plus an EBDC fungicide (3 lb of Dithane M45 or equivalent), a so-called “captozeb” mix, is effective in most orchards at this time. In blocks where scab pressure is high or during extended wet weather, applications should include Syllit, Vangard or Scala. Do not apply more than two applications of these materials in a season.
Tight cluster through pink. If scab pressure is low, the captan/EBDC mix is sufficient. Keep in mind, this is the time when primary scab risk is highest so do not take risks. For moderate to high risk situations, combine a multi-site fungicide, captan or EBDC, with a site-specific fungicide:
Petal fall through first cover. Again, where and when scab pressure is low a captan/EBDC mix is sufficient. In higher risk situations, combine a multi-site fungicide, captan or EBDC, with a site-specific fungicide:
There are serious problems with resistance to scab fungicides. See Resistance management: apple fungicides for details.
Damage from Scab Fungicides
Mixing captan with oil, other pesticides that contain petroleum-based carriers, or with spreader/sticker/penetrant chemicals may cause damage to fruit and foliage. For tank-mixes that contain several pesticides, thinners or nutrients, avoid using captan. Minimize or avoid use of captan from petal fall through first cover to decrease the risk of fruit damage.
Sanitation targets overwintered inoculum, reducing it and subsequent risk of infection and the magnitude of epidemics that may occur. Leaves on the orchard floor are swept and ground up using mowers or flail choppers in the spring before bud break. In addition, as an alternative, 5% urea may be sprayed on trees just before leaf drop in the fall, or to the orchard floor after leaves drop in fall or spring. Both chopping and a urea spray may be used for more effective control.
Apple varieties vary in their susceptibility to apple scab, and some cultivars are resistant to scab. Cultivars such as McIntosh, Cortland, and Empire are susceptible, while Golden Delicious and related cultivars are less susceptible. Honeycrisp is somewhat resistant to apple scab. Several cultivars have single-gene resistance, for example, Liberty, Modi, Topaz, Pristine, and Ariane, though some scab strains that can infect these varieties have developed in specific areas. Using a few fungicide applications to manage other apple diseases reduces the risk that this resistance will be develop.
There are an increasing number of biopesticide products that have been labelled for controlling apple scab. However, while they may work reasonably well under low inoculum conditions, they are limited in their ability to manage apple scab under high disease pressure.
The key to managing scab is preventing primary infections. By successfully preventing or limiting the development of primary lesions, the threat of continued infection by conidia is reduced. Since scab infections are invisible for at least 9 to 17 days after infection, is important to understand the conditions that cause a scab infection period to know whether preventative action is needed, or post-infection treatment required.
Use the Scab Infection Table and measure the length of wetting periods to determine infection periods during the primary scab season.
The process of determining the risk of scab infection can be greatly simplified by using a web-based decision support system, such as Ag Radar or NEWA. For details, contact coordinators through the DSS web sites.
Average TempErature |
newa Infection |
Low infection hours |
Moderate Infection |
High Infection |
Days to First Symptoms |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
78 |
10 |
13 |
17 |
26 |
|
77 |
8 |
11 |
14 |
21 |
|
76 |
6.5 |
9 |
12 |
19 |
|
61 - 75 |
6 |
9 |
12 |
18 |
9 - 10 |
60 |
6.5 |
9 |
13 |
20 |
11 |
57 - 59 |
7 |
10 |
14 |
22 |
12 - 13 |
55 - 56 |
8 |
11 |
15 |
23 |
13 - 14 |
54 |
8.5 |
11 |
16 |
24 |
14 |
52 - 53 |
9 |
12 |
17 |
25 |
15 |
51 |
10 |
13 |
18 |
27 |
16 |
50 |
11 |
14 |
19 |
29 |
16 |
49 |
11.5 |
14 |
20 |
30 |
17 |
48 |
12 |
15 |
20 |
30 |
17 |
47 |
14 |
15 |
23 |
35 |
17 |
46 |
14 |
16 |
24 |
37 |
17 |
45 |
14 |
17 |
26 |
40 |
17 |
44 |
15 |
19 |
28 |
43 |
17 |
43 |
18 |
21 |
30 |
47 |
17 |
42 |
20 |
23 |
33 |
50 |
17 |
41 |
21 |
26 |
37 |
53 |
? |
40 |
21 |
29 |
41 |
56 |
? |
39 |
28 |
33 |
45 |
60 |
? |
38 |
29 |
37 |
50 |
64 |
? |
37 |
30 |
41 |
55 |
68 |
? |
36 |
33 |
48 |
72 |
96 |
? |
35 |
35 |
48 |
72 |
96 |
? |
34 |
40 |
48 |
72 |
96 |
? |
Fire blight symptoms can show on blossoms, fruit, leaves, shoots, branches and limbs, and rootstocks, and generally are readily recognized.
Blossoms are often the first tissue to show fire blight symptoms. Infected flowers first have a water-soaked appearance that quickly turns black or brown. Bacteria may spread quickly, first wilting the entire blossom cluster which then turns brown or black, then spreading to adjacent leaves and shoots. Temperature drives symptom development. The warmer the temperature, the sooner symptoms appear and the faster infections spread. After wilting, the tissue may show a sticky white to yellowish ooze produced by the bacteria.
One or more weeks after petal fall, shoot blight can develop. This wilting and browning or blackening of young, vegetative shoots is a classic fire blight symptom, with the young shoot tips bending over into a hook, like the curved end of a cane. Again, if the weather is warm and humid, bacterial ooze droplets may form at the base of the shoot. Shoot blight can expand into older wood, causing dark, sunken cankers. Once in the main trunk of smaller young trees, the whole tree may rapidly wilt, turning brown or black, as if scorched.
Fire blight cankers are a site where E. amylovora overwinter. As weather warms in the spring, the margins around cankers become less defined as bacteria move into surrounding tissue. Nearby shoots can be infected, producing a symptom called canker blight, where shoots have a characteristic yellow-orange color in the wilting tips in the early weeks after petal fall.
Rootstocks may be more susceptible to fire blight than scions. The pathogen may not cause visible damage to the scion before traveling to the rootstock, where senstive rootstocks will rapidly collapse, killing the tree. Alternatively, rootstocks may be more directly infected if root suckers are present and develop blight.
E. amylovora infects many plants in addition to apples and pears, including hawthorn, quince, mountain ash and cotoneaster. All of these plants may be a source of inoculum. The bacteria overwinter in bark and wood at the edges of cankers formed in previous growing seasons. With warm weather, around 65 F, the bacteria multiply and come to the canker surface as sticky ooze droplets. From there, they can be carried to other plants by wind-driven rain or insects.
Insects play a critical role in flower infection, when apples are most likely to become infected with fire blight. Insects deposit bacteria on stigmas in flowers, where they can multiply but typically do not cause infection unless washed to the nectary openings at the base of the flower by rain or heavy dew. Blossoms wilt and die within one to two weeks of infection, producing bacterial ooze that can infect new shoots. Insects and rain move bacteria to shoots, and they infect through microscopic wounds caused by wind-whipping or possibly insect feeding, or large wounds caused by hail. More bacterial ooze on these shoots, inoculum that can cause new infections as long as shoots keep growing.
E. amylovora can move systemically in plants, without producing symptoms. The bacteria are also present on non-symptomatic plant surfaces. Their growth on and in plants is driven primarily by temperature. Below 60 F there is little bacterial growth, and low populations of bacteria don't present a fire blight risk. However, at warmer temperatures in the range of 70 to 80 F, especially with high humidity, bacterial populations explode, and soon reach levels that can cause blight. When trees are in bloom, the combination of a high population of bacteria and rain or heavy dew generally lead to infection.
While fire blight is a sporadic disease, when it does show up it can be devastating. Fire blight management involves several tactics at different times in the year, and should be done on an annual basis. Here is a list of tactics to use through the year.
Growers should use a dormant, or better, a silver tip/bud swell copper spray every year. Basically, copper is toxic to bacteria on the plant surface, and copper residue will reduce the population of E. amylovora in an orchard. Copper residue is largely depleted after two to three weeks, depending on rain, so does not protect flowers. There are many copper formulations. Apply a minimum of 2 lb. of metallic copper per acre.If in doubt about how much metallic copper a product contains, use the high label rate recommended at silver to green tip. Copper may be used with oil (1 qt./100 gal.), which can act as a spreader/sticker for the copper. Because copper sprays are meant to suppress the population of E. amylovora in an entire orchard, spray the whole orchard, not just the most susceptible cultivars or places where fire blight has occurred in the past.
The overwhelming majority of fire blight epidemics start at bloom, and shock waves from these primary infections will reverberate in an orchard through the summer and beyond, so it is essential that blossom blight be stopped. To do this, use a fire blight forecasting model. There are two basic models, MaryBlyt and CougarBlight, which may be accessed and used independently, but which have also been incorporated into decision support systems linked to weather data on the web. Growers will need either an electronic weather station or a subscription to virtual weather to use these systems, but it makes monitoring much easier. Contact NEWA or Ag-Radar for details.
If the fire blight forecasting system says that fire blight risk is high, then an antibiotic spray should be applied in bloom.
Primary infections show as poorly growing shoots with whitish, shriveled leaves that are covered with powdery spores. Spores from these shoots cause new infections on terminal leaves. These first appear as pale yellow infected areas that then produce new spores. Infected leaves curl up, and become covered with a grayish to white fungal growth. These new spores cause additional infections on developing fruit. Fruit infections lead to a webbed russeting, making fruit much less valuable in the market.
Unlike most fungal diseases, powdery mildew is worse in warm, dry weather. Regions with cool, wet summers rarely have significant apple powdery mildew problems.
Podosphaera leucotricha overwinters in terminal buds of shoots infected the previous year. These infections become visible around tight cluster. Spores produced on infected shoots cause secondary infections on leaves and buds, and eventually on developing flowers and fruit. Secondary infections generally appear near petal fall. Infected flowers do not develop normally and produce no fruit. If mildew isn't treated and allowed to grow, it will cover shoots and leaves, and grow into terminal buds where it overwinters. Once growth stops in mid-summer, new infections stop. If powdery mildew inoculum is in an orchard when the fruit cuticle is developing, fruit finish can be damaged showing as a webbed russett on fruit by harvest.
Winter temperatures below 10°F kill some of the over-wintering mildew in buds, and temperatures of –10°F will eliminate 95% of over-wintering mildew. Therefore, powdery mildew is often worse following mild winters, particularly when weather between bloom and petal fall is dry and warm.
In New England, spray applications specifically targetting powdery mildew usually are not generally necessary, though warm, dry springs can lead to increased infection of susceptible varieties. For those varieties, in blocks with a history of powdery mildew, scab managment fungicides used from pink through second cover should also have activity against powdery mildew. During extended dry, warm weather during this period, specific applications for mildew may be needed, even when scab fungicide sprays are not.
The most common multi-site fungicides, captan and mancozeb, are ineffective against powdery mildew. DMI fungicides vary in effectiveness. Unfortunately, the DMIs most effective against powdery mildew, Rhyme, Rally, Rubigan and Procure, are least effective against scab, and vice-versa. QoI fungicides, Flint, Flint Extra and Sovran (and pre-mixes with Group 11 ingredients) have good efficacy against powdery mildew. SDHI fungicides, Aprovia, Fontelis and Sercadis (and pre-mixes with Group 7 ingredients) are somewhat less effective, but still provide good control.
Low rates of sulfur are effective in low disease pressure environments, such as New England, but the risk of sulfur injury increases as temperatures go over 85°F. In organic production systems, sulfur applied at weekly intervals, and bicarbonate and peroxide-based fungicides applied on 3-5 days intervals are the best options.
Apple cultivars differ how susceptible they are to powdery mildew. Cortland, Gala, Ginger Gold, Idared, Jonathan, Mutsu (Crispin), Paulared, and Rome are all highly susceptible, while Empire, and Fuji are much more resistant. McIntosh and Golden Delicious can develop significant mildew when they are next to highly-susceptible cultivars that have significant infection.
Cedar-apple rust is a fungal disease that requires both a Rosaceaous host (such as apple) and a cedar host (such as Eastern red cedar). On apples, bright orange-yellow lesions are first visible after bloom. These lesions develop from spores released from galls on cedars earlier in the spring. Some species of cedar-apple rusts also produce lesions on fruit.
During prolonged wet periods in the spring, typically from late April to late May in southern New England, galls on cedar/junipers secrete orange-brown gelatinous tendrils (known as telial “horns”) which produce spores. Spores blow from galls and those that land on apple leaves can cause infections if leaves remains wet for 4–6 hours.
Lesions on apple leaves become visible soon after bloom, but continue to enlarge and become more striking in July and August. In late summer, spores are produced on the underside of apple leaves and spread the disease back to cedars.
Fungicides are needed to protect leaves and fruit of susceptible varieties during periods of extended wet weather from pink through 2nd cover. At this time there are no effective organic fungicides that adequately manage cedar-apple rust.
Apple cultivars with resistance to cedar-apple rust include: Baldwin, Delicious (red), Empire, Enterprise, Gala Suprene, Jerseymac, Keepsake, Liberty, McIntosh, Milton, Niagara, Paulared, Redfree, Regent, Sansa, Spartan, Sundance, Viking, and Zestar!.
Apple cultivars that are very susceptible to cedar-apple rust include: Ambrosia, Braeburn, Cameo, Chinook, Crimson Crisp, Fuji, Gala, Ginger Gold, Golden Delicious, Jonathan, Lodi, Prima, Rome Beauty, Shizuka, Spigold, Twenty Ounce, Wealthy, Winter Banana, and York Imperial.
Sooty blotch appears as dark, irregularly shaped areas, like charcoal smudges on fruit. Flyspeck develops distinct black, pinhead-sized spots, generally clustered in groups of 10 to 50. These signs are fungal growth on the surface of apples, not technically symptoms. They often appear together on fruit, but one or the other may occur alone. Details concerning the signs, such as speck size or blotch margins may vary significantly, as many different fungi can cause SBFS. Other than causing cosmetic damage, and rarely some dehydration to fruit in storage, SBFS is not technically a disease, as it does no real harm to apples. However, significant blemishing causes fruit to be downgraded.
The different life cycles for the many fungi that may contribute to the SBFS disease complex are not well understood. Different species of fungi predominate in different apple production regions, but all have life cycles that are similar enough that symptom development can be reasonably well predicted and a single management approach used. Infection by SBFS fungi occurs soon after fruit set, though symptoms may take several weeks to show, depending on weather. Disease development is dependent on high levels of humidity in the tree canopy. Extended wet weather or periods of high humidity enable SBFS fungi to colonize apples and grow, but they grow slowly if at all during dry periods. New infections can occur throughout the summer to harvest. The fungi may remain invisible for several weeks, first appearing in late summer or early fall. Some SBFS fungi apparently have secondary spore production and infection cycles related to rain and high humidity, with higher rates of disease occurring in years with heavy or frequent rain. These fungi appear to overwinter on plants adjacent to apple orchards.
Fungicides applied approximately every two to three weeks, starting with second cover, will generally control SBFS. Accumulated leaf wetness hours from fruit set (170 to 220 h) can be used to more accurately time the first SBFS fungicide application. After that, timing should be based on the amount of rain and the time from the previous fungicide application. The most effective fungicides against SBFS include the strobilurins, Flint, Sovran, Pristine, and thiophanate-methyl, Topsin, T-Methyl. Captan is not as effective, but provides good control, and is a useful multi-site fungicide to mix with the more effective single-site materials for resistance management. Inspire Super and other pre-mixes that contain a QoI (Luna Sensation, Merivon) also provide good control.
Fungicides should be re-applied when they are depleted, either by rain or breakdown over time. Use the following depletion rules, applying whichever comes first.
Alternative Chemicals. Sulfur, liquid lime sulfur and phosphorous acid compounds (for example Prophyte, Phostrol) also suppress SBFS, though less is known about their depletion rates. With liquid lime sulfur there is risk of russeting on fruit and foliar stress.
SBFS blemishes may be removed or significantly reduced using postharvest fruit dip treatments in low-concentration chlorine bleach solutions (500 to 800 ppm chlorine) followed by brushing on a commercial grading line.
Cultural Control
Anything that slows drying in apple tree canopies encourages SBFS development. So larger trees that are poorly pruned develop more disease. Similarly, trees in areas where air circulation is poor develop more disease. The source of many of the SBFS fungi is wild plant hosts in woods or hedgerows adjacent to orchards. Cutting back these border plants, particularly well-known hosts such as wild blackberries, reduces disease pressure. Keep grass in the orchard mowed to reduce humidity in tree canopies.
Resistant Varieties
Apple cultivars vary in the amount of SBFS at harvest, but this is primarily related to harvest date rather than resistance pathogen colonization. Later harvested cultivars have the highest SBFS incidence. Lower SBFS incidence on the earlier maturing cultivars apparently results from disease avoidance, as these apples are exposed to fewer hours of wetting and high relative humidity, environmental factors favorable for growth of SBFS fungi.
The white rot fungus, Botryosphaeria dothidea, often referred to as “Bot rot” or Botryosphaeria rot, can be a distinct canker on twigs, limbs, and trunks. The fungus produces two types of fruit rot, but leaf infections do not occur. Drought stress and winter injury have been associated with an increase in infection and canker expansion. This is a relatively weak fungal pathogen and is only problematic when a tree is stressed, such as due to drought, winter injury, insect damage, or fire blight.
The black rot and frogeye leaf spot fungus, Botryosphaeria obtusa, attacks fruit, leaves, and bark of apple trees and other pomaceous plants.
New infections on twigs and limbs start to become evident by early summer, appearing as small circular spots or blisters. As the lesions expand, the area becomes slightly depressed.
Cankers stop enlarging in late fall and can be indistinguishable from black rot canker, making isolation of the pathogen necessary for correct identification of the causal organism. By spring small, black pycnidia (the spore-containing structures of the fungus), appear on the smooth surface of new cankers. On older cankers, these may be present throughout the year. Cankers exhibit a scaly, papery outer bark that is often orange and that can easily be peeled off of the tree. Tissues beneath the canker surfaces are watery or slimy and brown. Most cankers are not deep, extending at most to the wood.
Fruit rot infection results in two types of symptoms, depending on the developmental stage of the fruit. One type originates from external infections and the other appears to start internally. External rot is first visible as small, slightly sunken, brown spots that may be surrounded by a red halo. As the decayed area expands, the core becomes rotten and eventually the entire fruit. Red-skinned apple varieties may bleach during the decay process and become a light brown. Because of this characteristic, the disease may be referred to as "white rot."
The first signs of black rot are small, purple spots appearing on the upper surfaces of leaves and enlarging into circles 1∕8 to ¼ inch in diameter. Leaf margins remain purple, while the centers turn brown, tan, or yellowish brown, giving the lesions a "frogeye" appearance. Small, black pycnidia (pimplelike fruiting bodies of the fungus) may appear in lesion centers.
Infected areas of branches and limbs are reddish brown and are sunken slightly below the level of surrounding healthy bark. These cankers may expand each year, a few eventually reaching several feet in length. The margins of older cankers are slightly raised and lobed, and the bark within their centers usually turns light-colored, loosens, and scales off raggedly. This characteristic is not confined to black rot cankers, so it is not a good diagnostic symptom. Pycnidia form on dead wood of the cankered areas.
Fruit rot usually appears at the calyx end of the fruit. It can originate at any wound that penetrates the epidermis, including insect injuries. There is usually one spot per fruit, a characteristic that distinguishes black rot from bitter rot. Initially, the infected area becomes brown and may not change in color as it increases in size, or it may turn black. As the rotted area increases, often a series of concentric bands form, darker bands of mahogany brown to black alternating with brown bands. The flesh of the decayed area remains firm and leathery. Eventually, the apple completely decays, dries, and shrivels into a mummy. Pycnidia containing spores of the black rot fungus appear on the surface of rotted tissue.
White rot overwinters in fruiting bodies on dead, woody tissue. During spring and summer rains, spores ooze from these structures and are splashed to other parts of the tree. Dead wood and fire-blighted twigs and branches are especially susceptible to invasion, but living twigs, branches, and trunks may also be attacked. Fruit infections can occur at any time from the bloom period to harvest. Infections in young apples usually are not evident until the apples are nearly mature. External rot lesions are found most commonly on the sides of fruit exposed to high temperatures. Drought, heat stress, mechanical wounding, and winter injury favor disease development. The fungus grows best under warm conditions, with the optimum temperature for infection about 86°F.
Black rot can infect from petal fall through harvest. The fungus overwinters in fruiting bodies (pycnidia and perithecia) on dead bark, dead twigs, and mummified fruit. It can invade almost any dead, woody tissue and is frequently found in tissue killed by fire blight. Early leaf infections often are visible as a cone-shaped area on the tree, with a dead twig or mummified fruit at the apex.
In the spring, black pycnidia and perithecia release conidia and ascospores, respectively. Conidia may continue to be produced during wet periods throughout the summer and may remain viable for long periods. When wet, the pycnidium produces a gelatinous coil containing thousands of spores. Disseminated by splashing rains, wind, and insects these spores can infect leaves, the calyxes of blossoms, tiny fruit, and wounds in twigs and limbs. Leaf infection develops during petal fall, at which time conidia attach, germinate in a film of moisture within 5 to 6 hours, and penetrate through stomata or wounds. The optimum temperature for infection is about 68°F. Infections of fruit and wood may not become visible for several weeks.
Initial fruit infections occur during the bloom period but are not usually apparent until midsummer as the apple approaches maturity. Throughout the growing season, infections occur through wounds. Harvest injuries may become infected and the fruit may decay during or after storage, especially if the fruit was harvested during a wet period. Dead fruit spurs or twigs, particularly those killed by fire blight, pruning wounds, winter injuries, and sun scald, are commonly invaded by the black rot fungus.
Since stress predisposes apple trees to white rot and black rot, take measures to minimize stressors, such as water stress, winter injury, disease, and insect damage.
Management programs based on sanitation to reduce inoculum levels in the orchard are the primary means of control. Prune out cankers, dead branches, twigs, etc. which serve as inoculum sources and dispose of dead wood. This should be an important component of both current-season and long-range management. Prune and remove cankers at least 15 inches below the basal end; properly dispose of prunings by burial or burning.
Remove mummified fruit of black rot if practical. Cortland apples are especially prone to forming black rot mummies.
Captan + Topsin M and fungicides containing a strobilurin (FRAC Group 11 Fungicides) as an active ingredient are effective at managing white rot and black rot on fruit. Merivon provides excellent control of summer diseases such as white rot, black rot, bitter rot, fly speck and sooty blotch. Note: sterol inhibitor fungicides, such as Indar, Rally, Topguard, have no activity against black rot.
Typically apples first show bitter rot symptoms in July and August, and fruit susceptibility increases as it matures. Humidity, and the presence of sources of inoculumare also factors that determine when the disease first appears. Bitter rot spots usually appear on the side of the apple directly exposed to the sun. Early fruit lesions are brown, slightly sunken spots. If the apple is cut open, the rotted area beneath the lesion is V-shaped in cross-section. Bitter rot lesions expand most rapidly at a temperature of 86oF. As lesions expand they remain light to dark brown and flattened, developing concentric, target-like rings of spores, colored pink, slight orange to light tan. Severely infected fruit become shriveled and persist on the tree as mummies, a source of inoculum.
The disease cycle of the bitter rot fungi related to apple fruit infection is only partially understood. Bitter rot fungi overwinter in dead wood or mummified fruit in apple trees, and may live on other plants, including trees surrounding orchards or broad-leaf weeds in orchards. The fungi produce spores in spring and summer, which are released by rain and dispersed throughout trees. The optimum temperature for spore germination is 79 to 80 F, when it takes only 5 hours to infect. Infections commonly start during prolonged warm, wet weather. As soon as infected fruit produce spores, these can cause new infections. Another source of inoculum is shoots killed by fire blight which become colonized by bitter rot fungi in the same year.
Fungicide applications targeting bitter rot should start at fruit set if weather and previous disease history favor infection at that time. For the rest of the summer in orchards with a history of the disease, fungicides to manage bitter rot should be applied when prolonged warm, wet weather is predicted, particularly as fruit matures. Among the most effective fungicides against bitter rot are the EBDCs. Unfortunately they have a 77 day pre-harvest limit. Captan and Ziram are also effective, as are Pristine and Merivon, group 7 + 11 pre-mixed fungicides. For resistance management and improved efficacy, Pristine or Merivon should be tank-mixed with captan at one half the full rate. No more than 4 applications of Pristine or Merivon should be made per year. Note: Topsin M has no effect on bitter rot.
The most important cultural control is to remove sources of inoculum: dead wood, branches and shoots with cankers and fruit mummies. Following fire blight outbreaks, dead shoots should be removed as soon as practical as these can become infected with bitter rot and become inoculum sources. While yet unproven, a few other cultural methods may help control bitter rot. It may also be useful to avoid or minimize stress, particularly drought and heat stress. Some tree species close to orchards may support Colletotrichum spp., making it worthwhile to establish open buffer spaces between trees and orchard borders. Removing leaves, dead twigs and fruit mummies on the ground may reduce inoculum. Finally, removing broad-leaf weeds in the orchard may remove another source of inoculum.
Fruit thinning is an essential practice for producing commercial quality fruit and for getting consistent yield from year to year. It increases the overall value of fruit because the reduction in crop load increases the size of fruit that remain. For some varieties, there is an improvement in red color, as well.
Apple trees are prone to biennial bearing or the condition in which trees produce abundantly one year and poorly the next. Chemical thinning in one season will increase the amount of bloom in the following season (return or repeat bloom). Hand thinning is not as effective as chemical thinning for promoting return bloom.
The chemicals and concentrations a grower chooses, the timing of their application, and the environmental factors encountered before, during, and after application all influence the ultimate thinning response. This section of the Guide will discuss the chemicals most frequently used, the circumstances when they are used and the precautions associated with their use. Also discussed will be the timing of the applications and the environmental factors one must be mindful of when applying chemical thinners.
12 mm is equivalent to ½ inch
Some of the first attempts to thin involve using caustic chemicals to prevent pollination, pollen germination or pollen tube growth. Many of these caustic chemicals can cause phytotoxicity to the leaves and russeting of the fruit. If poor pollination occurs during bloom, thinning should be postponed until early fruit set.
Lime sulfur, lime sulfur plus oil or ammonium thoiosulfate are mild blossom thinners. Although none of these have label approval for thinning they may be applied legally on apples for other reasons.
While less frequently used, hormone sprays can thin when applied at bloom. A bloom spray of NAA and NAAm can reduce fruit set, but are generally not applied commercially during bloom because of grower uncertainty about the extent of initial set and the desire to assess initial set before attempting to adjust crop load. Further, the most effective time to apply NAA as a chemical thinner is when fruit diameter is 7 to 12 mm.
Ethephon may also thin when applied at bloom or even several days earlier, at the balloon stage or red stage. The response appears to be quite cultivar and temperature sensitive. The use of ethephon as a blossom thinner has not been widely adopted except in locations where chemical thinning with other compounds is difficult and satisfactory results using other thinners is generally inadequate.
The majority of chemical thinning is done with postbloom thinners. There is a comfort level for growers to delay thinner application until they know the extent of bee activity and pollination.
Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). It is probably the most potent of the general-use thinners on the market today, and it is the preferred material for cultivars that are difficult to thin. Its thinning effectiveness is concentration dependent. Lower concentration may cause only modest thinning while higher concentrations may overthin and reduce fruit size or not increase fruit size even though the crop load is substantially reduced. Over application of NAA may also lead to pygmy fruit formation and severe leaf epinasty on some varieties. Therefore, NAA is often combined with another thinner, especially carbaryl, and used at lower and “safer” rates. The thinning action of NAA is sometimes not immediately apparent since fruit abscission following NAA application if often delayed by as much as one or two weeks relative to untreated trees.
Naphthaleneacetamide (NAAm, NAD). NAD is a useful thinner that is frequently applied as a petal-fall spray. It is considered safer to use than NAA and it does not cause as severe leaf epinasty following application that is often experienced with NAA. NAD should be avoided on 'Delicious' since it may result in a high percentage of pygmy fruit that persist to harvest. NAD can be combined with carbaryl in situations were more aggressive thinning is desired.
Carbaryl. Carbaryl is the most versatile thinner in general use. It is a mild thinner, and since the thinning is not rate responsive, overthinning is rarely observed. It can be used effectively over a wide range of developmental stages from petal fall until fruit grow to 18 mm in diameter. It is very toxic to bees so practically speaking the earliest time of application is at petal fall after the bees have been removed from the orchard. The Sevin XLR Plus formulation may be less of a problem near bloom since the particle size is less like pollen thus it is less likely to be transported by bees back to the hive. One of the most important characteristics of carbaryl is that it can break up fruit clusters. Carbaryl is an insecticide rather than a hormone so it is applied at higher concentrations than other postbloom thinners.
Benzyladenine (BA). BA is a mild thinner when used by itself, but when combined with carbaryl it is a potent thinner combination that can overthin. The combination of BA with NAA for use on 'Delicious' and 'Fuji' is not recommended since pygmy fruit may form in some circumstances. Unlike other thinners, BA can increase fruit size beyond that attributed to a reduction in crop load.
Protone® (S-Abscisic Acid, ABA). ABA is a naturally occurring compound that plays a critical role in regulation of several physiological processes in a plant, especially those related to stress. If a plant is stressed or if it is sprayed with ABA stomata close, resulting in a significant reduction in photosynthesis. This in turn results in a carbon deficit in the plant. In the case with pome fruit, this happens for a long enough period during the time when developing fruit are competing for photosynthate (7-15 mm) fruit abscission will be initiated. Special attention should be paid to the weather conditions that occur especially the three days following application. If the weather is cloudy and or the temperatures are warm to hot, thinning will be favored because these conditions will increase the carbon deficit within the tree. Protone® is OMRI organic certified.
Accede® Plant Growth Regulator contains ACC, a natural compound responsible for the biosynthesis of ethylene production in tree fruits. For apple growers, it extends the thinning window beyond what is currently available, giving growers a new tool for late thinning. Accede is applied at 23 to 46 fluid ounces 100 gallons of water per acre from full bloom to when king fruit size is 15 mm (one inch) in diameter. Accede is most active when the king fruit is 15-20 mm in diameter. Do not apply Accede when frost is expected. Use of a non-ionic surfactant with Accede will improve performance and response. Accede label here...
Ethephon. Ethephon can be used as a postbloom thinner in situations where other chemical thinners are less effective or have undesirable side effects. Ethephon has a reputation for being an erratic thinner. Part of this can be attributed to a dramatic increase in thinning response with increasing temperature following application. Also, bloom and fruit susceptibility to ethephon varies depending upon the stage of development. Ethepon is an effective blossom thinner but application made just 7 days later appears to be much less effective. Fruit redevelop thinning sensitivity to ethephon at diameters between 16 and 22 mm. Since larger fruit are sensitive to ethephon, unlike most other chemical thinners, ethephon may have a place in a normal chemical thinning program as a "last chance" thinner where other thinners do not work or where a grower made a miscalculation early in the season, and failed to apply a thinner at the normal time.
The weather following thinner application is probably the single most important factor influencing thinner efficacy. The weather can not be regulated, and an accurate forecast of the weather may not extend beyond 2 or 3 days. Increasingly, growers in the eastern part of the United States make two or more thinner applications over the thinning period. This is a good strategy since it spreads thinning out over time, and increases the possibility that thinner application will coincide with favorable thinning weather. It also tends to be safer since less aggressive thinning treatments are generally used, and the chance of overthinning is reduced.
Before application. Cool, cloudy, wet periods preceding thinner application generally mean that thinning will be easier. Part of this is attributed to altered epicuticular wax and cuticle development on leaves which predisposes leaves to absorb more thinning chemical. These conditions during and immediately after bloom may also lead to less vigorous fruit set, characterized by fruit that are not growing vigorously and have few seeds, increased seed abortion, and reduced carbohydrate reserves. Regardless of thinner absorption, these fruit will be easier to thin. Frost injury to spur leaves also will make fruit easier to thin. NAA penetration is greater into frost injured leaves and the markedly distorted spur leaves undoubtedly have a reduced photosynthetic capacity.
The two most important environmental factors that influence foliar penetration of a chemical thinner are temperature and drying time. Warm temperatures enhance uptake of NAA by apple leaves. The longer the drying time of a thinning spray the greater the penetration into the leaf. In foliar penetration studies it has been reported that the penetration of NAD increased steadily over time as long as the spray droplet was prevented from drying. During the drying process uptake into the leaf was accelerated, presumably due to the concentration effect caused by the drying. Once the droplet dried, little additional penetration occurred. Therefore, the longer the time before droplet drying, the greater chemical uptake by foliage and fruit.
Temperature following thinner application is the dominant factor influencing the response to a chemical thinner. Elevated temperatures provides the stress required for thinners to work. Warm temperatures intensify competition among competing sinks at a time when metabolic demand is highest in the tree. If cool weather follows thinner application, thinning results are frequently disappointing. It is often better to wait 2 or 3 days until warm temperatures are forecast to occur after application than to apply a thinner when cool conditions (< 65 °F) prevail immediately after application. However, temperatures above 85 °F can lead to excessive thinning.
Several days of cloudy weather during the bloom period where incoming solar radiation is reduced to 10% to 15% of full sun can can intensify fruit abscission. Applying chemical thinning sprays at the beginning of a cloudy period probably will enhance thinning. Therefore, it may be advisable to delay thinner application under circumstances where trees may be exposed to several days of cloudy, warm weather to avoid overthinning. One or two days of sun following shading partially reversed the abscission-promoting effect of shading.
Orchardists generally try to apply thinners well in advance of rain, but occasionally this cannot be avoided. A good rule-of-thumb is if a chemical thinner dries on the leaf prior to the onset of rain, one can anticipate getting at least 80% of the thinning effect.
Timing | Chemical | Trade Name | Rate per 100 gal dilute TRV |
REI (HOURS) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bloom | Naphthaleneacetic acid-sodium | Fruitone-L, PoMaxa, Refine 3.5 WSG, Refine 3.5L | 2-4 oz | 48 |
ATS (ammonium thiosulfate)* | 2 to 4 gal. | |||
Lime sulfur (calcium polysulfide)* | Lime Sulfur Solution |
4 to 10 gal (alone) 2 gal )with oil) |
48 | |
Petal fall | Naphthaleneacedtamide | Amid-Thin W | 4-8 oz | 48 |
Naphthaleneacetic acid-sodium | Fruitone-L, PoMaxa, Refine 3.5 WSG, Refine 3.5L | 2-4 oz | 48 | |
Carbaryl | Sevin XLR Plus, Sevin 4F | 0.5 to 1.5 pt | 12 | |
6-Benzyl Adenine (6-BA) | Maxcel, RiteWay | 48-200 oz | 12 | |
6-Benzyl Adenine (6-BA) |
Exilis 9.5SC Exilis Plus |
9.6 to 25.6 fl oz see label |
12 | |
8-13 mm Fruit Size | Naphthaleneacetic acid-sodium | Fruitone-L, Pomaxa, Refine 3.5 WSG, Refine 3.5L | 2-6 oz | 48 |
Carbaryl | Sevin XLR Plus, Sevin 4F | 0.5 to 1.5 pt | 12 | |
6-Benzyl Adenine (6-BA) | Maxcel, RiteWay | 48-200 oz | 12 | |
6-Benzyl Adenine (6-BA) | Exilis plus, Exilis 9.5SC | 6.4 to 25.6 fl oz | 12 | |
S-Abscisic Acid (ABA) | Protone® | 6.6 to 33.1 oz | 4 | |
15-20 mm Fruit Size | Ethephon | Ethrel | 1 to 1.5 pt | 48 |
Carbaryl | Sevin XLR Plus, Sevin 4F | 0.5 to 1.5 pt | 12 | |
S-Abscisic Acid (ABA) | Protone® | 6.6 to 33.1 oz | 4 | |
Accede® | Accede® | 23 to 46 fl oz | 12 |
* not registered for chemical thinning in New England
Variety | 30-80% full bloom |
Petal fall 5-6 mm (1 week after bloom) |
8-14 mm fruit size (2-3 weeks after bloom) |
---|---|---|---|
Cortland |
1 to 2 pt carbaryl | 1 to 2 pt carbaryl | |
Delicious (spur type) |
2 gal ATS | 2 oz NAA plus 1 pt carbaryl | 64 oz 6-BA plus 1 pt carbaryl plus 1 qt ultrafine spray oil |
Delicious (non-spur type) |
1 pt carbaryl | 48 oz 6-BA + 1 pt Sevin OR 2 oz Fruitone + 1 pt Sevin | |
Empire | 2 oz NAA + 1 pt carbaryl | 64 oz 6-BA + 1 pt carbaryl OR 3 oz NAA + 1 pt carbaryl | |
Fuji | 2 gal ATS | 64 oz 6-BA + 1 pt carbaryl | 64 oz. 6-BA + 1 pt carbaryl |
Gala | 2 gal ATS | 3 oz NAA + 1 pt carbaryl | 64 oz. 6-BA + 1 pt carbaryl |
Gingergold | 2 oz NAA + 1 pt carbaryl | ||
Golden Delicious (no Provide) | 3 oz NAA + 1 pt carbaryl | 64 oz. 6-BA + 1 pt carbaryl OR 6 oz NAA + 1 pt carbaryl | |
Golden Delicious (with Provide) | 3 oz NAA + 1 pt carbaryl | 48 oz. 6-BA + 1 pt carbaryl OR 4 oz NAA + 1 pt carbaryl | |
Granny Smith | 3 oz NAA + 1 pt carbaryl | ||
Honeycrisp | 2 gal ATS | 4 oz NAA + 1 pt carbaryl | 3 oz NAA + 1 pt carbaryl |
Jonagold | 3 oz NAA + 1 pt carbaryl | ||
Lady Apple | 3 oz NAA + 1 pt carbaryl | 4 oz NAA + 1 pt carbaryl | |
Liberty | 3 oz NAA + 1 pt carbaryl | 64 oz. 6-BA + 1 pt carbaryl OR 3 oz NAA + 1 pt carbaryl | |
Macoun | 2 gal ATS | 3 oz NAA + 1 pt carbaryl | 64 oz. 6-BA + 1 pt carbaryl OR 4 oz NAA + 1 pt carbaryl |
McIntosh (non-spur type) | 2 oz NAA + 1 pt carbaryl OR 36 oz 6-BA + 1 pt carbaryl | ||
McIntosh (spur-type) | 3 oz NAA + 1 pt carbaryl OR 48 oz 6-BA + 1 pt carbaryl | ||
Mutsu (Crispin) | 2 oz NAA + 1 pt carbaryl | ||
Northern Spy | 3 oz NAA + 1 pt carbaryl | 2 oz NAA + 1 pt carbaryl | |
Paulared | 3 oz NAA + 1 pt carbaryl | 3 oz NAA + 1 pt carbaryl |
Also see: Variety Thinning Recommendations for mature trees - 8 to 12mm fruit size at Cornell Cooperative Extension, Eastern New York Commercial Horticulture
Timing | product | concentration | rate | comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
BEFORE buds break in spring on 1-year old wood | Maxcel, Promalin; exilis plus, exilis 9.5 SC | 5,000 ppm | see label | If dormant buds are present on one-year-old wood only. DO NOT apply after bud break. See product labels for more details and instructions. |
AFTER bud break in spring on 1-year old wood | Maxcel, Promalin; exilis plus, exilis 9.5 SC | 400 to 500 ppm | see label | If buds have broken, and the leaf tissue is showing on one-year-old wood. Apply by spraying with a back-pack sprayer. Works best when temperatures are warm and there is enough tissue to absorb the PGR. Note: Never add surfactant to a solution of MaxCel as it is already included in the formulated product. Promalin should be combined with a NIS following the label instructions. |
2-year old wood, coinciding with bud break | Maxcel | 1,500 ppm | 9.2 fl oz per gal water | Make a notch with a hacksaw blade (narrow, fine-toothed saw, usually used for cutting metal) just above the existing bud scar on the leader. Then, on nonbearing trees, immediately spray the cut with a 1500 PPM solution. |
For more information on branching youg trees, see the UMass Fact Sheet F-140 Branching Young Apple Trees with Plant Growth Regulators
Always look at the label before making application of any PGR’s as there are further use directions and warnings on the label which may not be included here.
ReTain® (Valent USA) - For increasing fruit set of apple, cherry, European pear. APPLE: Apply one pouch of ReTain per acre, as a single application from pink stage to full bloom. Applications made prior to pink stage or after full bloom will significantly reduce efficacy of the treatment. Do not apply after petal fall. CHERRY: Apply one to two pouches of ReTain per acre during bloom. Retain may be applied as a single application of up to two pouches, or as sequential applications of one pouch per application. Applications between popcorn stage (balloon stage) to first bloom are more effective than earlier or later applications. Do not apply after petal fall. EUROPEAN PEAR: Apply one pouch of ReTain per acre, as a single application from white bud stage to full bloom. Applications made prior to white bud stage or after full bloom will significantly reduce efficacy of the treatment. Do not apply after petal fall. Can also be applied to European pear at 10 mm fruit size at a rate of one pouch of ReTain at 10 mm fruit size to increase fruit set.
Promalin® (Valent USA) and Perlan® (Fine Americas) to increase fruit set in APPLE following frost by stimulating the development of parthenocarpic fruit. Make a single application at a rate of 1-2 pints in 50-200 gallons of water per acre prior to or within 24 hours following a frost or freeze event, when the majority of the crop is between early bloom and full bloom. Do not apply to frozen foliage, blossoms or developing fruit, allow trees to completely thaw prior to application. Do not use a surfactant. Do not apply more than 2 times for this use.
Promalin® or Maxcel ® (Valent USA) and Perlan® or Exilis 9.5SC (Fine Americas), latex paint application FOR INCREASING BRANCHING AND FEATHERING OF NON-BEARING APPLE, PEAR AND CHERRY TREES. Such an application improves tree structure by improving branch angles and increasing bud break and shoot growth in nursery stock and young trees. At the location where branching is desired, apply a uniform application in latex paint mix at a rate of 5,000-7,500 ppm (0.8-1.2 fl. oz./pint of latex paint). The latex paint mix should be applied using a brush or sponge to achieve thorough coverage of the bark surface. Application should only be made to one year old wood in the spring once terminal buds begin to swell but before shoots emerge. Applications made following shoot emergence may result in injury to the young shoots. DO NOT apply latex paint mix after bud break. Doing so may cause injury to shoot tips and reduce the effectiveness of the application for shoot growth. One-year pre-harvest interval. See F-140 Branching Young Apple Trees with Plant Growth Regulators
Protone® is registered as a defoliant to stimulate leaf drop in the fall. It may be used on nursery trees or on trees in the orchard carrying green leaves into the fall. A good nonionic surfactant should be used with this and at a rate between 250 and 1000 ppm. (16.5 - 66.1 ounces per acre.) Application on trees in the orchard is meant to speed leaf abscission and speed the development of dormancy. (May be particularly handy on non-cropping younger trees still actively growing later into the fall.)
ArrangeTM (Fine Americas, Inc.) can be applied to apple orchards in the "off" year to inhibit flower bud formation and flowering the following year. This can help break the biennial bearing cycle in apples such as Honeycrisp and Fuji (among others). The application rate is 100 to 200 ppm from petal fall to 15 mm fruit size. The Arrange label has very specific use recommendations. In 2023 the Arrange label was updated to include the higher application rate (200 ppm) to bearing orchards, and also for use on nursery apple trees to inhibit flower bud formation and promote branching. For Nursery trees make 3-4 applications of 400-600ppm (4-6 gallons per 100 gallons of water) on a 28-day interval to trees that have at least 28-30 inches of growth. For young trees (young plantings not yet bearing), begin applications during petal fall timing. Up to 4 applications may be made during the growing season of 400-600ppm (4-6 gallons per 100 gallons of water) on a 28-day interval. Again, consult the label for more specific application recommendations.
There are three options for using plant growth regulators for pre-harvest drop control. One is NAA, sold as several different products, another is AVG, sold as ReTain (Valent USA Agricultural Products), and the third is 1-methylcylopropene sold as HarvistaTM (Agrofresh). The three differ in mode of action and timing of application. NAA is typically applied just once before the onset of fruit drop and lasts for about one week before its effect is gone. ReTain is typically applied 2-3 weeks before anticipated harvest, has long lasting drop control if applied under favorable conditions, and repeat applications can be made to extend the period of time apples will remain on the tree. Harvista can be applied 3 to 21 days before harvest and requires specialized equipment (contact Agrofresh). Both ReTain and Harvista will slow fruit ripening. For an excellent summary/discussion of uisng apple PGR's for drop control, see this Penn State University article: Apple PGRs - Prevention of Preharvest Drop in Apple Orchards.
For more information: Getting the most out of that "old" stop drop: NAA (http://healthyfruit.info/hf090517ved818.html#h)
General use guidelines for ReTain include:
For more information: Double Applications of ReTain® to provide longer fruit drop control compared to the standard single application ReTain
Varieties with a strong tendency for biennial bearing may have insufficient bloom in the 'off' year and consequent low yield. Ethephon and NAA products can be applied at lose doses in summer for a modest increase in return bloom. Apply these in the 'on' year in four weekly (or every two weeks) applications beginning six to eight weeks after petal fall. These compounds can hasten ripening in summer apples.
Chemical | Product | Rate / 100 gal. TRV | Rate / Acre | REI (hours) | PHI (days |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NAA |
Fruitone L PoMaxa Refine 3.5 L |
3 fl oz | 2 to 8 fl oz | 48 | 2 |
Refine 3.5 WSC | 1 to 2 oz | see label | 48 | 2 | |
Ethephon | Ethrel | 0.5 fl oz | 0.5 to 3 pts | 48 | 7 |
Vegetative growth control can be achieved by application(s) of Apogee or Kudos 27.5 WDG, both containing the active ingredient prohexadione-calcium. In addition to providing growth control, early application can suppress fire blight of shoots.
Application details for Apogee or Kudos 27.5 WDG on apples
DISEASE | FRAC | Product |
Rate/ Acre |
REI-hours | PHI-days | EFFICACY | COMMENTS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fire blight | M1 | Badge SC | 0.5 to 1.5 pt. | 48 | 0 | This and the following copper products will also provide 5 to 7 days of protection from apple scab. | |
M1 | Badge X2 | 3.5 to 7 lb. | 48 | 0 | |||
M1 | Champ Dry Prill | 5.5 to 10.5 lb. | 48 | 0 | |||
M1 | Champ Formula 2 Flowable | 5.3 to 10.5 pt. | 48 | 0 | |||
M1 | C-O-C-S WDG | 8 to 11.7 lb. | 24 | 0 | |||
M1 | Cuprofix Ultra 40 Disperss | 5 to 7.5 lb | 48 | 0 | |||
M1 | Kocide 3000 | 3.5 to 7 lb. | 48 | 0 | |||
M1 | Kocide 3000-O | 3.5 to 7 lb. | 48 | 0 | Approved for organic use. | ||
Apple scab | none | urea | 44 lb. | 0 | 0 | Spray apple leaves on trees after harvest or on the ground in fall or spring. Mix 44 lb. of food grade urea (46-0-0) in 100 gal. of water. |
INSECT | IRAC | PRODUCT | RATE/ ACRE |
REI-hours | PHI-DAYS | EFFICACY | COMMENTS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
European red mite |
None | Horticultural oil | 2 to 3 gal. per 100 gal. water. |
Varies by product, 4 or 12 hours. | 0 | High | Many brand name products, check label to confirm REI & PHI. Phytotoxicity more likely if sprays concentration is more than 3x. Use 3 gal. oil per 100 gal. water until Green Tip, 2 gal. from Green Tip until Tight Cluster. Do not use within 24 to 48 hours before freezing temperatures, or if temperature is below 35F following a freeze. Do not apply within 10 to 14 days of sprays containing captan or sulfur. |
Winter moth or European fruit lecanium |
None |
Horticultural oil |
2 to 3 gal per 100 gal water. |
Varies by product, 4 or 12 hours. | 0 | Rating not available. Thorugh coverage will suppress overwintered eggs. | Winter moth pressure higher near Atlantic coast, less pressure inland. European fruit lecanium is rarely found. See comments above about oil dose and cautions. |
DISEASE | FRAC | Product |
Rate/ Acre |
REI-hours | PHI-days | EFFICACY | COMMENTS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apple scab | M1 | Badge SC | 0.5 to 1.5 pt. | 48 | 0 | Moderate | This and the other copper products below provide 5 to 7 days of apple scab protection. DO NOT use after green tip. |
M1 | Badge X2 | 3.5 to 7 lb. | 48 | 0 | Moderate | ||
M1 | Champ Dry Prill | 5.5 to 10.5 lb. | 48 | 0 | Moderate | ||
M1 | Champ Formula 2 Flowable | 5.3 to 10.5 pt. | 48 | 0 | Moderate | ||
M1 | C-O-C-S WDG | 8 to 11.7 lb. | 24 | 0 | Moderate | ||
M1 | Cuprofix Ultra 40 Disperss | 5 to 7.5 lb | 48 | 0 | Moderate | ||
M1 | Kocide 3000 | 3.5 to 7 lb. | 48 | 0 | Moderate | ||
M1 | Kocide 3000-O | 3.5 to 7 lb. | 48 | 0 | Moderate | OMRI-listed | |
Cueva | 0.5 to 2.0 gals. | 12 | 0 | ONRI-listed. See label for restrictions. | |||
M3 | Manzate Pro-Stick | 6 lb. | 24 | Bloom | High | DO NOT apply more than 24 lb./A/year or apply this rate after bloom | |
M3 | Penncozeb 75 DF | 6.4 lb. | 24 | Bloom | High | DO NOT apply more than 24 lb./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. | |
M3 | Dithane F-45 Rainshield | 4.8 qt | 24 | Bloom | High | DO NOT apply more than 19.2 qt./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. | |
M3 | Polyram 80 DF | 6 lb. | 24 | Bloom | High | DO NOT apply more than 24 lb./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. | |
M3 | Manzate Pro-Stick | 3 lb. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 21 lb/A per year. | |
M3 | Penncozeb 75 DF | 3.2 lb. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 22.4 lb/A per year. | |
M3 | Dithane F-45 Rainshield | 2.4 qt. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 16.8 qt/A per year. | |
M3 | Polyram 80 DF | 3 lb. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 21 lb/A per year | |
M3 | Ziram 76DF | 6 lb. | 48 | 14 | Low | DO NOT apply more than 42.4 lb./A or more than 7 applications per year. | |
M4 | Captan 80WWDG | 2.5 to 5 lb. | 48 | 0 | High | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 40 lb./A of Captan 80 per year. | |
M4 | Captan 50 WP | 8 lb. | 24 | 0 | High | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 64 lb./A of Captan 50WP per year. | |
M4 | Captan 4L | 3 to 4 qt. | 24 | 0 | High | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 32 qt./A of Captan 4L per year. | |
M4
M3 |
Captan 80WDG + |
2.5 lb.
3 lb. |
24 | 77 | High | Captan plus mancozeb provides good protection in blocks with low scab inoculum. Adjust rates of other formulations appropriately. | |
U12
M3 |
Syllit FL + |
1.5 pt.
3 lb. |
48 | not after pink | High | To improve efficacy and for resistance management, apply with Manzate Pro-Stick at 3 lb/A rate, or equivalent EBDC. Apply before infection. DO NOT apply more than 2 applications per year. DO NOT apply after pink. | |
7 | Excalia | 3-4 fl oz | 12 | not after petal fall | Use only between green tip and petal fall. No more than 2 applications. Do not apply with oil. | ||
9 | Scala SC | 7 to 10 fl. oz. | 12 | 72 | Moderate | *RM Effectiveness is rate dependent. Avoid use above 70º F. DO NOT apply more than 40 fl oz/A per year OR more than 4 applications per yr. | |
9 | Vangard WG | 5 oz. | 12 | 0 | Moderate | *RM Effectiveness is rate dependent. Avoid use above 70º F. DO NOT apply more than 30 fl oz/A per year OR more than 4 applications per yr. | |
*RM. Fungicide with a high risk of developing pathogen resistance. Follow resistance management recommendations here.https://netreefruit.org/apples/resistance-management-apple-fungicides |
Insect | irac | Product |
Rate/ Acre |
REI-hours | PHI-days | EFFICACY | COMMENTS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
European red mite ERM |
None | Horticultural oil | 1 to 2 gal. oil per 100 gal. water |
Varies by product, 4 or 12 hours. | 0 | High with thorough coverage. | Many brand name products, check label to confirm REI & PHI. Phytotoxicity more likely if spray concentration is more than 3x. Use 2 gal. oil per 100 gal. tankmix until Tight Cluster. Do not use oil within 24 to 48 hours before freezing temperatures, or if temperature is below 35F following a freeze. Do not apply within 10 to 14 days of sprays containing captan or sulfur. |
Rosy apple aphid RAA | Timing is critical for RAA effective RAA suppression. RAA colonies may be present at Green Tip, but usually not noticeable until Half-inch Green. Application must be made before RAA feeding causes leaves to curl, typically at the Pink stage. Postbloom control of RAA is much less effective. | ||||||
1B | *Diazinon 50WP | 2 to 4 lbs. (1 lb. per 100 gal. dilute) | 96 | 21 | High | Minimum interval is 14 days. RAA may not be on label. Multiple alternate diazinon products. | |
3A & 4A | *Leverage 360 (L) | 2.4 to 2.8 fl. oz. | 12 | 7 | High | Minimum interval 14 days. | |
3A & 28 | *Besiege (SC) | 6 to 12 fl. oz. | 24 | 21 | High | Minimum interval 10 days. | |
4A | Actara | 4.5 oz. | 12 | 35 | High |
Minimum interval 10 days. PHI varies with application rate. |
|
4A | *Admire Pro (L) | 2.8 fl. oz. | 12 | 7 | High | Minimum interval 10 days. | |
4A | Assail 30SG | 2.5 to 4 oz. | 12 | 7 | High | Minimum interval 12 days. | |
4A | Assail 70WP | 1,1 to 1,7 oz. | 12 | 7 | High | Minimum interval 12 days. | |
4A & 6 |
*Agri-Flex (L) |
5.5 to 8.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 35 | High | Must be mixed with nonionic spreading, wetting, or penetrating adjuvant (such as horticultural oil at 1 gal/A). Do not combine with sticker adjuvant. | |
4A & 28 | *Voliam Flexi (WDG) | 6 to 7 oz. | 12 | 35 | High | Minimum interval of 10 days. | |
6 & 28 | *Minecto Pro (L) | 10 to 12 fl. oz. | 12 | 28 | High | Minimum interval 21 days. | |
7C | Esteem 35WP | 3 to 5 oz. | 12 | 45 | High | Minimum interval 14 days. | |
9A | PQZ | 2.4 to 3.2 fl oz | 12 | 14 | ? | ||
9D | Versys | 1.5 fl oz/A | 12 | 7 | ? | Unique mode of action. No pollinator restrictions. | |
28 | *Exirel (SC) | 13.5 to 20.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 3 | High | Minimum interval 7 days. For best efficacy combine with spreader or other effective adjuvant. | |
Winter moth - Application at beginning of egg hatch with insecticides that work on contact and do not require feeding can provide some control before larvae begin feeding inside buds. Bt products and Intrepid are not effective on Winter moth at Green Tip as the larvae do not feed until they are inside buds. Winter moth is not listed as a target pest on most labels. Rates are based on dose for other spring caterpillars. | |||||||
1B | *Imidan 70W | 2.1 to 5.75 lb. | 96 | 7 (14 for U-pick) | High | ||
3A | *Asana, *Baythroid, *Danitol, *Warrior etc., or mixture prodcuts that contain a pyrethroid insecticide. | Check label | Varies by product, see label. | Varies by product, see label. | High or Moderate | ||
5 | Delegate 25WG | 4.5 to 7 oz. | 4 | 7 | High | Minimum interval 21 days. | |
5 | Entrust | 2 to 3 oz. | 4 | 7 | High | Minimum interval 10 days. | |
5 | SpinTor | 6 to 10 fl. oz. | 4 | 7 | High | No minimum interval. | |
28 | *Altacor 35WDG | 2.5 to 4.5 oz. | 4 | 5 | High | Minimum interval 10 days. | |
28 | *Exirel | 8.5 to 17 fl. oz. | 12 | 3 | High | Minimum interval 7 days. For best efficacy combine with spreader or other effective adjuvant. | |
NA | Spear-LEP | 1 to 2 pt | 4 | 0 | ? | max rate per season 6 pt |
* Restricted Use Pesticide
DISEASE | FRAC | Product |
Rate/ Acre |
REI-hours | PHI-days | EFFICACY | COMMENTS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apple scab | M3 | Manzate Pro-Stick | 6 lb. | 24 |
Bloom |
High | DO NOT apply more than 24 lb./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. |
M3 | Penncozeb 75 DF | 6.4 lb. | 24 | Bloom | High | DO NOT apply more than 24 lb./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. | |
M3 | Dithane F-45 Rainshield | 4.8 qt | 24 | Bloom | High | DO NOT apply more than 19.2 qt./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. | |
M3 | Polyram 80 DF | 6 lb. | 24 | Bloom | High | DO NOT apply more than 24 lb./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. | |
M3 | Manzate Pro-Stick | 3 lb. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 21 lb/A per year. | |
M3 | Penncozeb 75 DF | 3.2 lb. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 22.4 lb/A per year. | |
M3 | Dithane F-45 Rainshield | 2.4 qt. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 16.8 qt/A per year. | |
M3 | Polyram 80 DF | 3 lb. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 21 lb/A per year | |
M3 | Ziram 76DF | 6 lb. | 48 | 14 | Low | DO NOT apply more than 42.4 lb./A or more than 7 applications per year. | |
M4 | Captan 80WDG | 5 lb. | 24 | 0 | High | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 40 lb./A of Captan 80 per year. | |
M4 | Captan 50 WP | 8 lb. |
24 |
0 | High | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 64 lb./A of Captan 50WP per year. | |
M4 | Captan 4L | 3 to 4 qt. | 24 | 0 | High | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 32 qt./A of Captan 4L per year. | |
M4
M3 |
Captan 80WDG + |
2.5 lb. + 3 lb. |
24 | 77 | High | Captan plus mancozeb provides good protection in blocks with low scab inoculum. Adjust rates of other formulations appropriately. | |
7 | Excalia | 3 to 4 fl. oz. | 12 | not after petal fall | Use only between green tip and petal fall. No more than 2 applications. Do not apply with oil. | ||
7 | Fontelis | 16 to 20 fl. oz. | 12 | 28 | High | *RM DO NOT tank mix with captan or thinning agents. DO NOT apply more than 61 fl. oz./A per year. | |
7 | Aprovia | 5.5 to 7 fl. oz. | 12 | 30 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 27.6 fl oz/A per season. | |
7 | Sercadis | 3.5 to 4.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 18 fl. oz./A per season. | |
7 | Miravis | 3.4 fl oz | 12 | 30 | High | *RM Do not apply more than 13.6 fl oz per year | |
9 | Vangard 75 WG | 7 to 10 fl. oz. | 12 | 72 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 40 fl. oz./A per year. Avoid use above 70º F. | |
9 | Scala SC | 5 oz. | 12 | 0 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 30 oz./A per year. Avoid use above 70º F. | |
7 + 9 | Luna Tranquility | 11.2 to 16 fl. oz. | 12 | 72 | High |
*RM Less effective above 70º F. |
|
3+9 | Inspire Super | 12 fl oz | 12 | 14 | |||
7 + 11 | Luna Sensation | 4 to 5.8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 21 fl. oz. per year. | |
7 + 11 | Merivon | 4 to 5.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 22 fl. oz./A per year. | |
U12
M3 |
Syllit FL + |
1.5 pt. 3 lb. |
24 | not after pink | High | To improve efficacy and for resistance management, apply with Manzate Pro-Stick at 3 lb/A rate, or equivalent EBDC. Apply before infection. DO NOT apply more than 2 applications per year. DO NOT apply after pink. | |
Cueva | 0.5 to 1.0 gal. | 12 | 0 | Do not reapply within 5 days. OMRI-listed. | |||
Fire Blight |
F6 | LifeGard | 4.5 oz./100 gal | 4 | 0 | Good | Begin applications when green tissue is present, prior to infection period. For Organic production. |
pHorcepHite | 2-4 qt. | 4 | 0 | Suppression only |
Begin foliar application after trees are established and once leaves have flushed. Apply at 2-4 week intervals except when disease pressure is high, and then apply at 1-3 week intervals. Do not spray more than 4 times per year. OMRI listed, but with restrictions. | ||
*RM. Fungicide with a high risk of developing pathogen resistance. Follow resistance management recommendations here. |
Insect | irac | Product |
Rate/ Acre |
REI-hours | PHI-days | EFFICACY | COMMENTS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
American plum borer, Dogwood borer. Roundheaded apple tree borer, other trunk boring insects. |
The EPA has ruled that no amount of chlorpyrophos (Lorsban) residue is safe in foods. Therefore, Lorsban is no longer an option for trunk borer management. | ||||||
3a, 4A | *Endigo ZC | 5 to 6 fl oz | 24 | 35 | |||
3, 28 | *Besiege | 6 to 12 fl oz | 24 | 21 | |||
European red mite |
None | Horticultural oil | 1 to 2 gal. per 100 gal. |
Check label. Usually 4 or 12 hours. | 0 | High with thorough coverage. | Many brand names. Phytotoxicity more likely if applied in sprays concentrated more than 3x. Use 2 gal. oil per 100 gal. for application between Green Tip and Tight Cluster. Do not use within 24 to 48 hours before freezing temperatures, or if temperature is below 35F following a freeze. |
Redbanded leafroller - Control not normally needed at Half-inch Green, and RBLR is usually suppressed by insecticides applied later for other pests. If treatment needed at HIG, see Insecticide Activity Ratings table for numerous options with High efficacy. | |||||||
Rosy apple aphid - See Green Tip. | |||||||
San Jose scale | None | Horticultural oil | 2 gal, per 100 gal. water | High | Prebloom sprays are more effective if applied dilute, at higher volume. For severe infestations, combine oil with Esteem or Lorsban. | ||
7C | Esteem 35WP | 4 to 5 oz. | 12 | 45 | High | In combination with horticultrual oil. | |
16 |
*Centaur 0.7 |
34.5 oz. | 12 | 14 | High | Same comment as for oil. | |
White prunicola scale (WPS) - Similar to White peach scale but WPS crawlers are two weeks earlier. Both species can occur on apple. See European red mite for oil rate and cautions. Recommended threshold is 3 to 6 encrusted areas per tree. | |||||||
Winter moth - See Green Tip. As winter moth larvae begin feeding on exposed tissue, Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (B.t.k.) products and Intrepid growth regulator that require ingestion for activity become effective options in addition to the materials listed at Green Tip. | |||||||
11A
|
B.t.k. product: Agree 3.8WS, Biobit HP (WP), Deliver 18WG, Dipel 10.3F, Javelin 7.5WDG, or Xen Tari 54DF. |
See label | 4 | 0 |
High with proper timing.
|
Effective against small larvae. Residual effect lasts for 3 to 5 days. | |
18A | *Intrepid 2F | 8 to 16 fl. oz. | 4 | 14 | High with proper timing. | Insect growth regulator that is most effective if applied when young larvae are feeding. | |
NA | Spear-LEP | 1 to 2 pt | 4 | 0 | max rate 6 pt per season |
* = Restricted Use Pesticide
DISEASE | FRAC | Product |
Rate/ Acre |
REI-hours | PHI-days | EFFICACY | COMMENTS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apple scab | M3 | Manzate Pro-Stick | 6 lb. | 24 | Not after bloom | High | DO NOT apply more than 24 lb./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. |
M3 | Penncozeb 75 DF | 6.4 lb. | 24 | Not after bloom | High | DO NOT apply more than 24 lb./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. | |
M3 | Dithane F-45 Rainshield | 4.8 qt | 24 | Not after bloom | High | DO NOT apply more than 19.2 qt./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. | |
M3 | Polyram 80 DF | 6 lb. | 24 | Not after bloom | High | DO NOT apply more than 24 lb./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. | |
M3 | Manzate Pro-Stick | 3 lb. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 21 lb/A per year. | |
M3 | Penncozeb 75 DF | 3.2 lb. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 22.4 lb/A per year. | |
M3 | Dithane F-45 Rainshield | 2.4 qt. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 16.8 qt/A per year. | |
M3 | Polyram 80 DF | 3 lb. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 21 lb/A per year | |
M3 | Ziram 76DF | 6 lb. | 48 | 14 | Low | DO NOT apply more than 42.4 lb./A or more than 7 applications per year. | |
M4 | Captan 80WDG | 5 lb. | 24 | 0 | High | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 40 lb./A of Captan 80 per year. | |
M4 | Captan 50 WP | 8 lb. | 24 | 0 | High | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 64 lb./A of Captan 50 per year. | |
M4 | Captan 4L | 4 qt. | 24 | 0 | High | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 32 qt. /A of Captan 4L per year. | |
M4
M3 |
Captan 80WDG + Manzate Pro-Stick |
2.5 lb. + 3 lb. |
24 | 77 | High | Captan plus mancozeb for use in blocks with low scab inoculum. Other formulations - adjust rates. See limitations under individual materials. | |
3 | Cevya | 3-5 oz. | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 15 oz./acre per year | |
3 | Indar 2F | 8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 32 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Rally 40WSP | 8 oz. | 24 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 5 lb./A per year. | |
3 | Rhyme | 6.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 26 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
7 | Aprovia | 7 fl. oz. | 12 | 30 | High | *RM DO NOT apple more than 26.7 fl. oz. per year. | |
7 | Excalia | 3 to 4 fl. oz. | 12 | not after petal fall | Use only between green tip and petal fall. No more than 2 applications. Do not apply with oil. | ||
7 | Fontelis | 20 fl. oz. | 12 | 28 | High | *RM DO NOT mix with captan. DO NOT apply more than 61 fl oz/A per year. | |
7 | Sercadis | 4.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 18 fl oz/A per season. | |
7 | Miravis | 3.4 fl oz | 12 | 30 | High | *RM Do not apply more than 13.6 fl oz per year | |
9 | Scala SC | 10 fl. oz. | 12 | 72 | Moderate |
*RM DO NOT apply more than 40 fl oz/A per year. Avoid use above 70º F. RR. |
|
9 | Vangard 75 WG | 5 oz. | 12 | 0 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 30 oz/A per year. Avoid use above 70º F. | |
11 | Flint Extra | 2.9 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 10.5 fl. oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
11 | Flint | 2.5 oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 11 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. RR. | |
11 | Sovran | 6.4 oz. | 12 | 30 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 25.6 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
3 + 9 | Inspire Super | 12 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 60 fl. oz./A per year. | |
7 + 9 | Luna Tranquility | 16 fl. oz. | 12 | 72 | High |
*RM Less effective above 70º F. DO NOT apply more than 54.7 fl. oz./A per year. |
|
7 + 11 | Luna Sensation | 5.8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 21 fl. oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Merivon | 5.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 22 fl. oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Pristine | 18.5 oz | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 74 oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
U12
M4
M3 |
Syllit FL Captan 80WDG |
1.5 pt 2.5 lb 3 lb |
Not after pink | 24 | High | For resistance management, tank mix with 2.5 lb/A Captan 80WDG OR 3 lb/A Penncozeb or equivalent. DO NOT make more than 2 applications per year. DO NOT apply after pink. DO NOT apply less than 7 days from previous application. | |
Cueva | 0.5 to 1.0 gals. | 12 | 0 | ONMR-listed. May cause russetting. | |||
Fire Blight |
F6 | LifeGard | 4.5 oz/100 gal. | 4 | 0 | Good | Begin applications when green tissue is present, prior to infection period. For Organic production |
none | pHorcepHite | 2-4 qt. | 4 | 0 | Suppression only | Begin foliar application after trees are established and once leaves have flushed. Apply at 2-4 week intervals except when disease pressure is high, and then apply at 1-3 week intervals. Do not spray more than 4 times per year. OMRI listed, but with restrictions. | |
Powdery Mildew |
Cevya | 3-5 oz. | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 15 oz./acre per year | |
3 | Indar 2F | 8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 32 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Rally 40WSP | 10 oz. | 24 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 5 lb./A per year. | |
3 | Rhyme | 6.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 26 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Procure 480SC | 16 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 56 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
11 | Flint Extra | 2.9 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 10.5 fl. oz./A per year, , or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
11 | Flint | 2.5 oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 11 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
11 | Sovran | 6.4 oz | 12 | 30 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 25.6 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 | Aprovia | 7 fl. oz. | 12 | 30 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apple more than 26.7 fl oz per year. | |
7 | Excalia | 3 to 4 fl. oz. | 12 | Not after petal fall | Use only between green tip and petal fall. No more than 2 applications. Do not apply with oil. | ||
7 | Fontelis | 20 oz. | 12 | 28 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 61 fl. oz./A per year. | |
7 | Sercadis | 4.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 18 fl. oz./A per season. | |
7 | Miravis | 3.4 fl | 12 | 30 | Moderate | *RM Do not apply more than 13.6 fl oz per year | |
3 + 9 | Inspire Super | 12 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 60 fl. oz./A per year. | |
7 + 9 | Luna Tranquility | 16 fl. oz. | 12 | 72 | Moderate | *RM Less effective above 70º F. DO NOT apply more than 54.7 fl. oz./A per year. | |
7 + 11 | Luna Sensation | 5.8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 21 fl. oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Merivon | 5.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 22 fl. oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Pristine | 18.5 oz. | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 74 oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
M2 | SulfoMEX | 3-6 qt. | 24 | - | Begin at tight cluster and continue spraying every 7-10 days until terminal shoots cease vegetative growth. Use on sulfur tolerant varieties only. Macintosh, Golden Delicious, Jonathan and certain other varieties may be injured by sulfur under certain climatic conditions. | ||
none | SuffOil-X | 1-2% | 4 | 0 | For Organic production | ||
M2 | Sulfur DF | 10 to 20 lb | 24 | - | Moderate | DO NOT apply sulfur within 14 days of an oil application. DO NOT use captan in combination with or closely following sulfur products. There are many sulfur formulations - follow the label. | |
NC | JMS Stylet oil | 1 to 2 gal | 4 | 0 | Moderate | DO NOT apply sulfur within 14 days of an oil application. DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of an oil application. DO NOT use oil with spreader-stickers | |
NA | Sil-MATRIX | 1 to 4 qt per 100 gallons | 4 | 0 | ? | Suppression; also suppresses aphids, mites; OMRI | |
Rusts | M3 | Manzate Pro-Stick | 6 lb. | 24 | Not after bloom | High | DO NOT apply more than 24 lb./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. |
M3 | Penncozeb 75 DF | 6.4 lb. | 24 | Not after bloom | High | DO NOT apply more than 24 lb./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. | |
M3 | Dithane F-45 Rainshield | 4.8 qt | 24 | Not after bloom | High | DO NOT apply more than 19.2 qt./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. | |
M3 | Polyram 80 DF | 6 lb. | 24 | Not after bloom | High | DO NOT apply more than 24 lb./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. | |
M3 | Manzate Pro-Stick | 3 lb. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 21 lb/A per year. | |
M3 | Penncozeb 75 DF | 3.2 lb. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 22.4 lb/A per year. | |
M3 | Dithane F-45 Rainshield | 2.4 qt. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 16.8 qt/A per year. | |
M3 | Polyram 80 DF | 3 lb. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 21 lb/A per year | |
M3 | Ziram 76DF | 6 lb. | 48 | 14 | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 42.4 lb./A or more than 7 applications per year. | |
3 | Cevya | 3-5 oz. | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 15 oz./acre per year | |
3 | Indar 2F | 8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 32 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Rally 40 WSP | 10 oz. | 24 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 5 lb./A per year. | |
3 | Rhyme | 12 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 26 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
7 | Aprovia | 7 fl. oz. | 12 | 30 | Moderate | R*RM DO NOT apple more than 26.7 fl. oz. per year. | |
7 | Excalia | 3 to 4 fl. oz. | 12 | not after petal fall | Use only between green tip and petal fall. No more than 2 applications. Do not apply with oil. | ||
7 | Fontelis | 20 oz. | 12 | 28 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT tank mix with captan or thinning agents. DO NOT apply more than 61 fl. oz./A per year. | |
7 | Sercadis | 4.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 4 applications or 18 fl oz/A per season. | |
7 | Miravis | 3.4 fl oz | 12 | 30 | *RM Do not apply more than 13.6 fl oz / year | ||
11 | Flint Extra | 2.9 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 10.5 fl. oz./A per year, , or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
11 | Flint | 2.5 oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 11 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
NA | EcoSwing | 1.5 to 2 pt | 4 | 0 | OMRI | ||
*RM. Fungicide with a high risk of developing pathogen resistance. Follow resistance management recommendations here. |
IRAC | Product |
Rate per Acre |
REI - hours |
PHI-days | EFFICACY | COMMENTS | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
American plum borer, Dogwood borer, Roundheaded apple tree borer, and other trunk boring insects. Also, see summer sprays. Lorsban is no longer an option for trunk borer management. |
||||||||
3, 28 | *Beseige | 6 to 12 fl oz | 24 | 21 | ||||
3A, 4A | *Endigo ZC |
5 to 6 fl oz | 24 | 35 | ||||
European red mite eggs - Oil is most effective before egg hatch begins around Pink. Apollo, Onager, and Zeal are primarily ovicides that work best when applied as late as possible before Bloom. | ||||||||
None | Horticultural oil | 1 to 2 gal. per 100 gal. water. |
Varies by product, 4 or 12 hours. | 0 | High with thorough coverage. | Many brand name products, check label to confirm REI & PHI. Phytotoxicity more likely if spray concentration is more than 3x. Use 2 gal. rate until Tight Cluster, 1 gal. rate from late Tight Cluster to Pink. Do not use oil within 24 to 48 hours before freezing temperatures, or if temperature is below 35F following a freeze. Do not apply within 10 to 14 days of sprays containing captan or sulfur. | ||
10A | Apollo 4SC | 4 to 8 fl. oz. | 12 | 45 | High | Tank mixing with oil improves control. Primarily an ovicide. | ||
10A | Onager Optek | 12 to 24 fl. oz. | 12 | 28 | High |
Best efficacy when applied as late as possible before bloom. One application per season. |
||
10B | Zeal 72WS | 2 to 3 oz. | 12 | 14 | High | One application per season. Primarily an ovicide. | ||
25 | Nealta | 13.7 fl. oz. | 12 | 7 | High | Apply at the first sign of mites, and before the population increases. Do not make more than 1 application before switching to another miticide with a different mode of action. RR. | ||
Rosy apple aphid - See Green Tip. | ||||||||
San Jose scale (SJS) - See Half-inch Green. Prebloom SJS treatment more effective if applied in high volume spray. Severe SJS infestation may require insecticide spray against crawlers in summer. | ||||||||
Tarnished plant bug (TPB) - Suggested action threshold: 2 to 3 TPB damaged buds per 10-branch sample, or average of 5 to 8 TPB per white sticky trap between Green Tip and Pink. | ||||||||
3A |
*Asana XL |
4.8 to 14.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 21 | High | Will also control Rosy apple aphid and reduce Spotted tentiform leafminer. | ||
3A | *Baythroid XL | 2 to 2.4 fl. oz. | 12 | 7 | High | Same comments as Asana. | ||
3A | *Danitol 2.4EC | 10.7 to 16 fl. oz. | 24 | 14 | High | Same comments as Asana. | ||
3A | *Pounce 25WP | 6.4 to 16 oz. | 12 | Petal Fall | High | Same comments as Asana. | ||
3A | *Warrior II (L) | 1.3 to 2.5 fl. oz. | 24 | 21 | High | Same comments as Asana. | ||
3A |
*Brigade 2Ec |
2.6 to 12.8 fl oz | 12 | 14 | Supplemental label. Do not make more than 3 applications per year. Minimum re-treatment interval is 30 days. |
|||
3A | *Brigade WSB | 6.4 to 32 oz | 12 | 14 | Supplemental label. Do not make more than 3 applications per year. Minimum re-treatment interval is 30 days. |
|||
3A + 6 | *Gladiator | 14 to 19 fl. oz. | 12 | 28 | High | Same comments as Asana. | ||
3A + 28 | *Besiege | 6 to 12 fl. oz. | 21 | 24 | High | |||
3A + 4A | *Leverage | 2.4 to 2.8 fl oz | 12 | 7 | High | Note "Protection of Pollinator" label application instructions | ||
4C | Transform WG | 1.5 to 2.75 oz | 24 | 7 | ||||
9C |
Beleaf 50SG |
2 to 2.8 oz. | 12 | 21 | High | |||
22 | Avaunt eVo | 5 to 6 oz. | 12 | 14 | Moderate | Will also reduce Mullein plant bug and Spotted tentiform leafminer. | ||
Winter moth. See options listed at Green Tip and Half-Inch. To prevent damage from high populations of winter moth, apply treatment at Green Tip or Half-inch Green. |
* Restricted Use Pesticide
DISEASE | FRAC | Product |
Rate/ Acre |
REI-hours | PHI-days | EFFICACY | COMMENTS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apple scab | M3 | Manzate Pro-Stick | 6 lb. | 24 | Not after bloom | High | DO NOT apply more than 24 lb./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. |
M3 | Penncozeb 75 DF | 6.4 lb. | 24 | Not after bloom | High | DO NOT apply more than 24 lb./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. | |
M3 | Dithane F-45 Rainshield | 4.8 qt | 24 | Not after bloom | High | DO NOT apply more than 19.2 qt./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. | |
M3 | Polyram 80 DF | 6 lb. | 24 | Not after bloom | High | DO NOT apply more than 24 lb./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. | |
M3 | Manzate Pro-Stick | 3 lb. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 21 lb/A per year. | |
M3 | Penncozeb 75 DF | 3.2 lb. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 22.4 lb/A per year. | |
M3 | Dithane F-45 Rainshield | 2.4 qt. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 16.8 qt/A per year. | |
M3 | Polyram 80 DF | 3 lb. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 21 lb/A per year | |
M3 | Ziram 76DF | 6 lb. | 48 | 14 | Low | DO NOT apply more than 42.4 lb./A or more than 7 applications per year. | |
M4 | Captan 80WDG | 5 lb. | 24 | 0 | High | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 40 lb./A of Captan 80 per year. | |
M4 | Captan 50WP | 8 lb. | 24 | 0 | High | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 64 lb./A of Captan 50WP per year. | |
M4 | Captan 4L | 4 qt. | 24 | 0 | High | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 32 qt./A of Captan 4L per year. | |
M4 M3 |
Captan 80WDG Manzate Pro-Stick |
2.5 lb. 3 lb. |
24 | 77 | High | Captan plus mancozeb for use in blocks with low scab inoculum. Other formulations - adjust rates. | |
3 | Indar 2F | 8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 32 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Rally 40WSP | 8 oz. | 24 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 5 lb./A per year. | |
3 | Rhyme | 6.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 26 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Cevya | 3 - 5 fl. ox. | 12 | 0 | *RM DO NOT apply more than 15 fl. oz./A per year. | ||
7 | Aprovia | 7 fl. oz. | 12 | 30 | High | *RM DO NOT apple more than 26.7 fl. oz. per year. | |
7 | Excalia | 3 to 4 fl. oz. | 12 | not after petal fall | Use only between green tip and petal fall. No more than 2 applications. Do not apply with oil. | ||
7 | Miravis | 3.4 fl oz | 12 | 30 | High | *RM Do not apply more than 13.6 fl oz per year | |
7 | Fontelis | 20 fl. oz. | 12 | 28 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 61 fl. oz./A per year. | |
7 | Sercadis | 4.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 18 fl. oz./A per season. | |
11 | Flint Extra | 2.9 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 10.5 fl. oz./A per year. | |
11 | Flint | 2.5 oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 11 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
11 | Sovran | 6.4 oz. | 12 | 30 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 25.6 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
3 + 9 | Inspire Super | 12 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High |
*RM DO NOT apply more than 60 fl. oz./A per year. |
|
7 + 11 | Luna Sensation | 5.8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 21 fl. oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Merivon | 5.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 22 fl. oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Pristine | 18.5 oz. | 12 | 0 | High |
*RM DO NOT apply more than 74 oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. |
|
U12
M4
M3 |
Syllit FL Captan 80WDG |
1.5 pt. 2.5 lb. 3 lb. |
Not after pink | 24 | High | RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT: tank mix with 2.5 lb/A Captan 80WDG OR 3 lb/A Penncozeb or equivalent. DO NOT make more than 2 applications per year. DO NOT apply after pink. DO NOT apply less than 7 days from previous application. | |
Powdery Mildew |
3 | Rally 40WSP | 10 oz. | 24 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 5 lb./A per year. |
3 | Rhyme | 6.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 26 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Procure 480SC | 16 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 56 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Indar 2F | 8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 32 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
11 | Flint Extra | 2.9 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 10.5 fl. oz./A per year, , or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
11 | Flint | 2.5 oz | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 11 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
11 | Sovran | 6.4 oz. | 12 | 30 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 25.6 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 | Aprovia | 5.5 to 7 fl oz | 12 | 30 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apple more than 26.7 fl oz per year. | |
7 | Excalia | 3 to 4 fl. oz. | 12 | not after petal fall | Use only between green tip and petal fall. No more than 2 applications. Do not apply with oil. | ||
7 | Fontelis | 16 to 20 oz | 12 | 28 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT tank mix with captan or thinning agents. DO NOT apply more than 61 fl. oz./A per year. | |
7 | Sercadis | 4.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 18 fl. oz./A per season. | |
7 | Miravis | 3.4 fl oz | 12 | 30 | Moderate | *RM Do not apply more than 13.6 fl oz per year | |
3 + 9 | Inspire Super | 12 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 60 fl. oz./A per year. | |
7 + 11 | Luna Sensation | 5.8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 22 fl. oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Merivon | 5.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 22 fl. oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Pristine | 18.5 oz. | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 74 oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
none | SuffOil-X | 1-2% | 4 | 0 | For Organic production | ||
M2 | SulfoMEX | 3-6 qt. | 24 | - | Begin at tight cluster and continue spraying every 7-10 days until terminal shoots cease vegetative growth. Use on sulfur tolerant varieties only. Macintosh, Golden Delicious, Jonathan and certain other varieties may be injured by sulfur under certain climatic conditions. | ||
M2 | Sulfur DF | 10 to 20 lb | 24 | - | Moderate | DO NOT apply sulfur within 14 days of an oil application. DO NOT use captan in combination with or closely following sulfur products. There are many sulfur formulations - follow the label. | |
NC | JMS Stylet Oil | 1 to 2 gal | 4 | 0 | Moderate | DO NOT apply sulfur within 14 days of an oil application. DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of an oil application. DO NOT use oil with spreader-stickers. | |
NA | Sil-MATRIX | 1 to 4 qt/100GA | 4 | 0 | ? |
Suppression; also suppresses aphids, mites; OMRI |
|
Rusts | M3 | Manzate Pro-Stick | 6 lb. | 24 | Not after bloom | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 24 lb./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. |
M3 | Penncozeb 75 DF | 6.4 lb. | 24 | Not after bloom | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 24 lb./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. | |
M3 | Dithane F-45 Rainshield | 4.8 qt | 24 | Not after bloom | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 19.2 qt./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. | |
M3 | Polyram 80 DF | 6 lb. | 24 | Not after bloom | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 24 lb./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. | |
M3 | Ziram 76DF | 6 lb. | 48 | 14 | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 42.4 lb./A or more than 7 applications per year. | |
M3 | Manzate Pro-Stick | 3 lb. | 24 | 77 | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 21 lb./A per year. | |
M3 | Penncozeb 75 DF | 3.2 lb. | 24 | 77 | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 22.4 lb./A per year. | |
M3 | Dithane F-45 Rainshield | 2.4 qt. | 24 | 77 | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 16.8 qt./A per year. | |
M3 | Polyram | 3 lb. | 24 | 77 | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 21 lb/A per year | |
3 | Rally 40 WSP | 10 oz. | 24 | 14 | high | *RM DO NOT apply more than 5 lb./A per year. | |
3 | Rhyme | 6.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | high | *RM DO NOT apply more than 26 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Indar 2F | 8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | high | *RM DO NOT apply more than 32 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Procure 480SC |
16 fl. oz. |
12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 56 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Cevya | 3-5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | *RM DO NO apply more than 15 fl. oz./A per year. | ||
7 | Aprovia | 7 fl. oz. | 12 | 30 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apple more than 26.7 fl oz per year. | |
7 | Excalia | 3 to 4 fl. oz. | 12 | not after petal fall | Use only between green tip and petal fall. No more than 2 applications. Do not apply with oil. | ||
7 | Fontelis | 20 oz. | 12 | 28 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 61 fl oz/A per year. | |
7 | Sercadis | 4.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | *RM DO NOT apply more than 18 fl. oz./A per season. | ||
7 | Miravis | 3.4 fl oz | 12 | 30 | *RM Do not apply more than 13.6 fl oz per year | ||
3 + 9 | Inspire Super | 12 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 60 fl. oz./A per year. | |
7 + 11 | Merivon | 5.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | Low | *RM DO NOT apply more than 22 fl. oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
NA | EcoSwing | 1.5 to 2 pt | 4 | 0 | OMRI | ||
Black Rot White Rot Bitter Rot |
M3 | Manzate Pro-Stick | 6 lb. | 24 | Not after bloom | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 24 lb./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. |
M3 | Penncozeb 75 DF | 6.4 lb. | 24 | Not after bloom | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 24 lb./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. | |
M3 | Dithane F-45 Rainshield | 4.8 qt | 24 | Not after bloom | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 19.2 qt./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. | |
M3 | Manzate Pro-Stick | 3 lb. | 24 | 77 | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 21 lb./A per year. | |
M3 | Penncozeb 75 DF | 3.2 lb. | 24 | 77 | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 22.4 lb./A per year. | |
M3 | Dithane F-45 Rainshield | 2.4 qt. | 24 | 77 | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 16.8 qt./A per year. | |
M3 | Ziram 76DF | 6 lb. | 48 | 14 |
Moderate; Low Bitter Rot |
DO NOT apply more than 42.4 lb./A or more than 7 applications per year. | |
M4 | Captan 80WDG | 5 lb. | 24 | 0 | High; Moderate Bitter Rot | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 40 lb./A of Captan 80 per year. | |
M4 | Captan 50WP | 8 lb. | 24 | 0 | High; Moderate Bitter Rot | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 64 lb./A of Captan 50WP per year. | |
M4 | Captan 4L | 4 qt. | 24 | 0 | High; Moderate Bitter Rot | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 32 qt./A of Captan 4L per year. | |
11 | Flint Extra | 2.9 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 10.5 fl. oz./A per year, , or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
11 | Flint | 2.5 oz | 12 | 14 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 11 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
11 | Sovran | 6.4 oz | 12 | 30 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 25.6 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Luna Sensation | 5.8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 21 fl. oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Merivon | 5.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 22 fl. oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Pristine | 18.5 oz. | 12 | 0 | High |
*RM DO NOT apply more than 74 oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. |
|
29 | Omega 500 | 13.8 fl oz | 12 | 28 | Not labeled for other tree fruits | ||
*RM. Fungicide with a high risk of developing pathogen resistance. Follow resistance management recommendations here. |
* Restricted Use Pesticide
DISEASE | FRAC | Product |
Rate/ Acre |
REI-hours | PHI-days | EFFICACY | COMMENTS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apple scab | M3 | Manzate Pro-Stick | 6 lb. | 24 | Not after bloom | High | DO NOT apply more than 24 lb./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. |
M3 | Penncozeb 75 DF | 6.4 lb. | 24 | Not after bloom | High | DO NOT apply more than 24 lb./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. | |
M3 | Dithane F-45 Rainshield | 4.8 qt | 24 | Not after bloom | High | DO NOT apply more than 19.2 qt./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. | |
M3 | Polyram 80 DF | 6 lb. | 24 | Not after bloom | High | DO NOT apply more than 24 lb./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. | |
M3 | Manzate Pro-Stick | 3 lb. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 21 lb/A per year. | |
M3 | Penncozeb 75 DF | 3.2 lb. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 22.4 lb/A per year. | |
M3 | Dithane F-45 Rainshield | 2.4 qt. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 16.8 qt/A per year. | |
M3 | Polyram 80 DF | 3 lb. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 21 lb/A per year | |
M3 | Ziram 76DF | 6 lb. | 48 | 14 | Low | DO NOT apply more than 42.4 lb./A or more than 7 applications per year. | |
M4 | Captan 80WDG | 5 lb. | 24 | 0 | High | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 40 lb./A of Captan 80WDG per year. | |
M4 | Captan 50WP | 8 lb. | 24 | 0 | High | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 64 lb./A of Captan 50WP per year. | |
M4 | Captan 4L | 4 qt. | 24 | 0 | High | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 32 qt./A of Captan 4L per year. | |
M4 M3 |
Captan 80WDG Manzate Pro-Stick |
2.5 lb. 3 lb. |
24 | 77 | High | Captan plus mancozeb for use in blocks with low scab inoculum. Other formulations - adjust rates. | |
3 | Indar 2F | 8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 32 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Rally 40WSP | 8 oz. | 24 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 5 lb./A per year. | |
3 | Rhyme | 6.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 26 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Cevya | 3-5 fl.oz. | 12 | 0 | *RM DO NOT apply more than 15 fl. oz./A per year. | ||
7 | Excalia | 3 to 4 fl. oz. | 12 | not after petal fall | Use only between green tip and petal fall. No more than 2 applications. Do not apply with oil. | ||
7 | Fontelis | 20 fl. oz. | 12 | 28 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 61 fl. oz./A per year. | |
7 | Aprovia | 7 fl. oz. | 12 | 30 | High | *RM DO NOT apple more than 26.7 fl. oz. per year. | |
7 | Sercadis | 4.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 18 fl oz/A per season. | |
7 | Miravis | 3.4 fl oz | 12 | 30 | High | *RM Do not apply more than 13.6 fl oz per year | |
11 | Flint Extra | 2.9 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 10.5 fl. oz./A per year, , or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
11 | Flint | 2.5 oz | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 11 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
11 | Sovran | 6.4 oz | 12 | 30 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 25.6 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
3 + 9 | Inspire Super | 12 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 60 fl. oz./A per year. | |
7 + 11 | Luna Sensation | 5.8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 21 fl. oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Merivon | 5.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 22 fl. oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Pristine | 18.5 oz | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 74 oz./A per season,or more than 4 application | |
Fire Blight | 25 |
Agri-Mycin 17 + Regulaid |
24 to 48 oz |
12 | 50 | High | Apply when fire blight disease models forecast a risk of fire blight. Regulaid should be included at 1 pint per 100 gallons finished spray (do not concentrate). Streptomycin will be effective for 48 hr. If a second application is required because risk remains high, Serenade Optimum or Double Nickel LC, effective for an additional 48 hr. If a third application is needed, reapply streptomycin. DO NOT apply streptomycin after petal fall except to control fire blight after hail or damaging wind. |
25 |
Agri-Mycin 50 + Regulaid |
24 to 48 oz | 12 | 50 | High | See comments for Agri-Mycin 17 above. | |
25 |
Firewall 50 WP + Regulaid |
8 to 16 oz |
12 | 50 | High | See comments for Agri-Mycin 17 above. | |
25 |
Harbour + Regulaid |
24 to 48 oz. |
12 | 50 | High | See comments for Agri-Mycin 17 above. | |
F6 | Serenade Optimum | 14 to 20 oz. | 4 | 0 | Fair to Moderate | Serenade should only be used in rotation with streptomycin. Streptomycin should be applied first, followed by Serenade if risk continues. | |
F6 | DoubleNickel LC | 1 to 2 qt. | 4 | 0 | Fair to Moderate | DoubleNickel should only be used in rotation with streptomycin. Streptomycin should be applied first, followed by DoubleNickel if risk continues. | |
41 | FireLine 17 WP | 16 oz per 100 gallons dilute TRV | 12 | 60 | Moderate | Do not apply more than 1.5 lb per acre per application | |
F6 | LifeGard | 4.5 oz/100 gal. | 4 | 0 | Moderate | If no pre-bloom applications made, then combine applications with other standard bloom sprays targeting fire blight. | |
P01 | Actigard 50WP | 1 to 2 oz | 12 | 60 | Supression only. | ||
Powdery Mildew |
3 | Rally 40 WSP | 10 oz | 24 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 5 lb./A per year. |
3 | Rhyme | 6.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 26 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Procure 480SC | 16 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 56 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Indar 2F | 8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 32 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
11 | Flint Extra | 2.9 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 10.5 fl. oz./A per year, , or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
11 | Flint | 2.5 oz | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 11 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
11 | Sovran | 6.4 oz | 12 | 30 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 25.6 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 | Aprovia | 7 fl. oz. | 12 | 30 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apple more than 26.7 fl. oz./A per year. | |
7 | Excalia | 3 to 4 fl. oz. | 12 | not after petal fall | Use only between green tip and petal fall. No more than 2 applications. Do not apply with oil. | ||
7 | Fontelis | 20 oz | 12 | 28 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 61 fl. oz./A per year. | |
7 | Sercadis | 4.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 18 fl oz/A per season. | |
7 | Miravis | 3.4 fl oz | 12 | 30 | Moderate | *RM Do not apply more than 13.6 fl oz per year | |
3 + 9 | Inspire Super | 12 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 60 fl. oz./A per year. | |
7 + 11 | Luna Sensation | 5.8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 22 fl. oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Merivon | 5.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 22 fl. oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Pristine | 18.5 oz. | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 74 oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
M2 | SulfoMEX | 3 to 6 qt | 24 | - | Begin at tight cluster and continue spraying every 7-10 days until terminal shoots cease vegetative growth. Use on sulfur tolerant varieties only. Macintosh, Golden Delicious, Jonathan and certain other varieties may be injured by sulfur under certain climatic conditions. | ||
M2 | Sulfur DF | 10 to 20 lb | 24 | - | Moderate | DO NOT apply sulfur within 14 days of an oil application. DO NOT use captan in combination with or closely following sulfur products. There are many sulfur formulations - follow the label. | |
NC | JMS Stylet Oil | 1 to 2 gal | 4 | 0 | Moderate | DO NOT apply sulfur within 14 days of an oil application. DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of an oil application. DO NOT use oil with spreader-stickers. | |
NC | SuffOil-X | 1-2% | 4 | 0 | OMRI listed. | ||
Rusts | M3 | Manzate Pro-Stick | 6 lb. | 24 | Not after bloom | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 24 lb./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. |
M3 | Penncozeb 75 DF | 6.4 lb. | 24 | Not after bloom | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 24 lb./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. | |
M3 | Dithane F-45 Rainshield | 4.8 qt | 24 | Not after bloom | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 19.2 qt./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. | |
M3 | Polyram 80 DF | 6 lb. | 24 | Not after bloom | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 24 lb./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. | |
M3 | Manzate Pro-Stick | 3 lb. | 24 | 77 | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 21 lb/A per year. | |
M3 | Penncozeb 75 DF | 3.2 lb. | 24 | 77 | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 22.4 lb/A per year. | |
M3 | Dithane F-45 Rainshield | 2.4 qt. | 24 | 77 | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 16.8 qt/A per year. | |
M3 | Polyram 80 DF | 3 lb. | 24 | 77 | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 21 lb/A per year | |
3 | Rally 40 WSP | 10 oz | 24 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 5 lb./A per year. | |
3 | Rhyme | 6.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 26 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Indar 2F | 8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 32 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Procure 480SC | 16 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 56 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Cevya | 3-5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | *RM DO NOT apply more than 15 fl. oz./A per year. | ||
7 | Aprovia | 7 fl. oz. | 12 | 30 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apple more than 26.7 fl. oz. per year. | |
7 | Excalia | 3 to 4 fl. oz. | 12 | not after petal fall | Use only between green tip and petal fall. No more than 2 applications. Do not apply with oil. | ||
7 | Fontelis | 20 oz | 12 | 28 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 61 fl. oz./A per year. | |
7 | Sercadis | 4.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | *RM DO NOT apply more than 18 fl. oz./A per year. | ||
7 | Miravis | 3.4 fl oz | 12 | 30 | *RM Do not apply more than 13.6 fl oz per year | ||
3 + 9 | Inspire Super | 12 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 60 fl. oz./A per year. | |
7 + 11 | Merivon | 5.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | Low | *RM DO NOT apply more than 22 fl. oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
NA | EcoSwing | 1.5 to 2 pt | 4 | 0 | OMRI | ||
Black Rot White Rot Bitter Rot |
M3 | Manzate Pro-Stick | 6 lb. | 24 | Not after bloom | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 24 lb./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. |
M3 | Penncozeb 75DF | 6.4 lb. | 24 | Not after bloom | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 24 lb./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. | |
M3 | Dithane F-45 Rainshield | 4.8 qt. | 24 | Not after bloom | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 19.2 qt./A/year or apply this rate after bloom. | |
M3 | Manzate Pro-Stick | 3 lb. | 24 | 77 | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 21 lb./A per year. | |
M3 | Penncozeb 75DF | 3.2 lb. | 24 | 77 | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 22.4 lb./A per year. | |
M3 | Dithane F-45 Rainshield | 2.4 qt. | 24 | 77 | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 16.8 qt./A per year. | |
M3 | Ziram 76DF | 6 lb. | 48 | 14 | Moderate; Low Bitter Rot | DO NOT apply more than 42.4 lb./A or more than 7 applications per year. | |
M4 | Captan 80WDG | 5 lb. | 24 | 0 | High; Moderate Bitter Rot | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 40 lb./A of Captan 80WDG per year. | |
M4 | Captan 50WP | 8 lb. | 24 | 0 | High; Moderate Bitter Rot | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 64 lb./A of Captan 50WP per year. | |
M4 | Captan 4L | 3 to 4 qt | 24 | 0 | High; Moderate Bitter Rot | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 32 qt./A of Captan 4L per year. | |
11 | Flint Extra | 2.9 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 10.5 fl. oz./A per year, , or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
11 | Flint | 2 to 2.5 oz | 12 | 14 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 11 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
11 | Sovran | 6.4 oz. | 12 | 30 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 25.6 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Luna Sensation | 5.8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 21 fl. oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Merivon | 5.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 22 fl. oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Pristine | 18.5 oz. | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 74 oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
29 | Omega | 13.8 fl oz | 12 | 30 | Not labeled for other tree fruits | ||
*RM Fungicide with a high risk of developing pathogen resistance. Follow resistance management recommendations here. |
INSECT | IRAC | Product |
Rate/ Acre |
REI-hours | PHI-days | EFFICACY | COMMENTS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Codling moth & Oriental fruit moth |
none | Checkmate CM-F | 2.4 to 4.8 fl. oz. | 4 | 0 | moderate | Not registered in all states. |
none | Isomate CM/OFT TT | 200 ties | 0 | 0 | High | OMRI listed. Not registered in all states. | |
none | Madex HP | .5 to 3 fl. oz. | 4 | 0 | moderate | Not registered in all states. | |
Gypsy moth | 11A | DiPel DF | .5 to 2 lb. | 4 | 0 | High | OMRI listed. |
11A | Agree WG | 1 to 2 lb. | 4 | 0 | High | OMRI listed. Not registered in all states | |
18 | Intrepid 2F | 4 to 8 fl. oz. | 4 | 14 | |||
Lesser appleworm | none | Checkmate CM-F | 2.4 to 4.8 fl. oz. | 4 | 0 | High | Not registered in all states. |
none | Isomate CM/OFT TT | 200 ties | 0 | 0 | High | OMRI listed. Not registered in all states. | |
Obliquebanded leafroller |
11A | Agree WG | 1 to 2 lb. | 4 | 0 | moderate | OMRI listed. Not registered in all states. |
11A | Dipel DF | .5 to 2 lb. | 4 | 0 | High | OMRI listed. | |
18 | Intrepid 2F | 8 to 16 fl. oz. | 4 | 14 | High |
DISEASE | FRAC | Product |
Rate/ Acre |
REI-hours | PHI-days | EFFICACY | COMMENTS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apple scab | M3 | Manzate Pro-Stick | 3 lb. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 21 lb/A per year. |
M3 | Penncozeb 75 DF | 3.2 lb. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 22.4 lb/A per year. | |
M3 | Dithane F-45 Rainshield | 2.4 qt. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 16.8 qt/A per year. | |
M3 | Polyram 80 DF | 3 lb. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 21 lb/A per year | |
M3 | Ziram 76DF | 6 lb. | 48 | 14 | Low | DO NOT apply more than 42.4 lb./A or more than 7 applications per year. | |
M4 | Captan 80WDG | 5 lb. | 24 | 0 | High | To minimize risk of fruit russet or other fruit damage avoid captan from petal fall through fruit set. DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 40 lb./A of Captan 80WDG per year. | |
M4 | Captan 50WP | 8 lb. | 24 | 0 | High | To minimize risk of fruit russet or other fruit damage avoid captan from petal fall through fruit set. DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 64 lb./A of Captan 50WP per year. | |
M4 | Captan 4L | 4 qt. | 24 | 0 | High | To minimize risk of fruit russet or other fruit damage avoid captan from petal fall through fruit set. DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 32 qt./A of Captan 4L per year. | |
M4
M3 |
Captan 80WDG + Manzate Pro-Stick |
2.5 lb. + 3 lb. |
24 | 77 | High | Captan plus mancozeb for use in blocks with low scab inoculum. Other formulations - adjust rates. | |
3 | Indar 2F | 8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 32 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Rally 40WSP | 10 oz. | 24 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 5 lb./A per year. | |
3 | Rhyme | 6.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 26 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Cevya | 3-5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | *RM DO NOT apply more than 15 fl. oz./A per year. | ||
7 | Aprovia | 7 fl oz | 12 | 30 | High | *RM DO NOT apple more than 26.7 fl. oz. per year. | |
7 | Excalia | 3 to 4 fl. oz. | 12 | not after petal fall | Use only between green tip and petal fall. No more than 2 applications. Do not apply with oil. | ||
7 | Fontelis | 20 fl. oz. | 12 | 28 | High | *RM DO NOT mix with captan. DO NOT apply more than 61 fl oz/A per year. | |
7 | Sercadis | 4.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 18 fl oz/A per season. | |
7 | Miravis | 3.4 fl oz | 12 | 30 | High | *RM Do not apply more than 13.6 fl oz per year | |
11 | Flint Extra | 2.9 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 10.5 fl. oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
11 | Flint | 2.5 oz | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 11 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
11 | Sovran | 6.4 oz. | 12 | 30 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 25.6 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
3 + 9 | Inspire Super | 12 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 60 fl. oz./A per year. | |
7 + 11 | Luna Sensation | 5.8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 21 fl. oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Merivon | 5.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 22 fl. oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Pristine | 18.5 oz. | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 74 oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
Fire Blight | 25 | Agri-Mycin 17 PLUS Regulaid | 1.5 lb 16 fl oz per 100 gal | 12 | 50 | High | Apply when fire blight disease models forecast a risk of fire blight. DO NOT concentrate Regulaid. Streptomycin will be effective for 48 hr. If a second application is required because risk remains High, Serenade Opti or Double Nickel LC, effective for an additional 48 hr. If a third application is needed, reapply streptomycin. DO NOT apply streptomycin after petal fall except to control fire blight after hail or damaging wind. |
25 | Firewall 17 WP PLUS Regulaid | 1.5 lb 16 fl oz per 100 gal | 12 | 50 | High | Apply when fire blight disease models forecast a risk of fire blight. DO NOT concentrate Regulaid. Streptomycin will be effective for 48 hr. If a second application is required because risk remains High, Serenade Opti or Double Nickel LC, effective for an additional 48 hr. If a third application is needed, reapply streptomycin. DO NOT apply streptomycin after petal fall except to control fire blight after hail or damaging wind. | |
NC | Serenade Opti | 14 to 20 oz | 4 | 0 | fair to good | Serenade should only be used in rotation with streptomycin. Streptomycin should be applied first, followed by Serenade if risk continues. | |
NC | DoubleNickel LC | 1 to 2 qt | 4 | 0 | fair to good | DoubleNickel should only be used in rotation with streptomycin. Streptomycin should be applied first, followed by DoubleNickel if risk continues. | |
F6 | LifeGard | 4.5 oz/100 gal. | 4 | 0 | moderate | If no pre-bloom applications made, then combine applications with other standard bloom sprays targeting fire blight. For Organic production. | |
NC | Apogee | 4.5 to 9 oz per 100 gal | 12 | 45 | fair to good shoot blight only | To control shoot blight only. Apply when petal fall begins. Apogee is a growth regulator and does not directly control fire blight bacteria, but by slowing growth makes apple shoots more resistant to infection. Apply a second application two weeks later. | |
P01 | Actigard | 1 to 2 oz | 12 | 60 | Supression only. | ||
Powdery Mildew |
3 | Rally 40 WSP | 10 oz | 24 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 5 lb./A per year. |
3 | Rhyme | 6.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 26 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Procure 480SC | 16 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 56 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Indar 2F | 8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 32 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
11 | Flint Extra | 2.9 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High |
*RM DO NOT apply more than 10.5 fl. oz./A per year, , or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. |
|
11 | Flint | 2.5 oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 11 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
11 | Sovran | 6.4 oz | 12 | 30 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 25.6 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 | Aprovia | 7 fl. oz. | 12 | 30 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apple more than 26.7 fl oz per year. | |
7 | Excalia | 3 to 4 fl. oz. | 12 | not after petal fall | Use only between green tip and petal fall. No more than 2 applications. Do not apply with oil. | ||
7 | Fontelis | 20 oz. | 12 | 28 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT mix with captan. DO NOT apply more than 61 fl oz/A per year. | |
7 | Sercadis | 4.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 18 fl oz/A per season. | |
7 | Miravis | 3.4 fl oz | 12 | 30 | Moderate | *RM Do not apply more than 13.6 fl oz per year | |
3 + 9 | Inspire Super | 12 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 60 fl. oz./A per year. | |
7 + 11 | Luna Sensation | 5.8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 22 fl. oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Merivon | 5.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 22 fl. oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Pristine | 18.5 oz. | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 74 oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
M2 | Sulfur DF | 10 to 20 lb | 24 | - | Moderate | DO NOT apply sulfur within 14 days of an oil application. DO NOT use captan in combination with or closely following sulfur products. There are many sulfur formulations - follow the label. | |
NC | JMS Stylet Oil | 1 to 2 gal | 4 | 0 | Moderate | DO NOT apply sulfur within 14 days of an oil application. DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of an oil application. DO NOT use oil with spreader-stickers. | |
NC | SuffOil-X | 1-2% | 4 | 0 | OMRI listed. | ||
Rusts | M3 | Manzate Pro-Stick | 3 lb. | 24 | 77 | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 21 lb/A per year. |
M3 | Penncozeb 75 DF | 3.2 lb. | 24 | 77 | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 22.4 lb/A per year. | |
M3 | Dithane F-45 Rainshield | 2.4 qt. | 24 | 77 | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 16.8 qt/A per year. | |
M3 | Polyram 80 DF | 3 lb. | 24 | 77 | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 21 lb/A per year | |
3 | Rally 40 WSP | 10 oz | 24 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 5 lb./A per year. | |
3 | Rhyme | 6.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 26 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Indar 2F | 8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 32 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Procure 480SC | 16. fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 56 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Cevya | 3-5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | *RM DO NOT apply more than 15 fl. oz./A per year. | ||
7 | Aprovia | 7 fl. oz. | 12 | 30 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apple more than 26.7 fl oz per year. | |
7 | Excalia | 3 to 4 fl. oz. | 12 | not after petal fall | Use only between green tip and petal fall. No more than 2 applications. Do not apply with oil. | ||
7 | Fontelis | 20 oz. | 12 | 28 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT mix with captan. DO NOT apply more than 61 fl oz/A per year. | |
7 | Sercadis | 4.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 18 fl oz/A per season. | |
7 | Miravis | 3.4 fl oz | 12 | 30 | *RM Do not apply more than 13.6 fl oz per year | ||
3 + 9 | Inspire Super | 12 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 60 fl. oz./A per year. | |
7 + 11 | Merivon | 5.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High |
*RM DO NOT apply more than 22 fl. oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. |
|
NA | EcoSwing | 1.5 to 2 pt | 4 | 0 | OMRI | ||
Black Rot White Rot Bitter Rot |
M3 | Mazate Pro-Stick | 3 lb. | 24 | 77 | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 21 lb./A per year. |
M3 | Penncozeb 75DF | 3.2 lb. | 24 | 77 | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 22.4 lb/A per year. | |
M3 | Dithane F-45 Rainshield | 4.8 qt. | 24 | 77 | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 16.8 qt/A per year. | |
M3 | Polyram | 3 lb. | 24 | 77 | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 21 lb/A per year. Do not apply to cultivars that will be harvested in 77 days or less. | |
M3 | Ziram 76DF | 6 lb. | 48 | 14 | Moderate; Very low Bitter Rot | DO NOT apply more than 42.4 lb./A or more than 7 applications per year. | |
M4 | Captan 80WDG | 5 lb. | 24 | 0 | High; Moderate Bitter Rot | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 40 lb./A of Captan 80WDG per year. | |
M4 | Captan 50WP | 8 lb. | 24 | 0 | High; Moderate Bitter Rot | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 64 lb./A of Captan 50WP per year. | |
M4 | Captan 4L | 4 qt. | 24 | 0 | High; Moderate Bitter Rot | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 32 qt./A of Captan 4L per year. | |
11 | Sovran | 6.4 oz. | 12 | 30 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 25.6 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
11 | Flint | 2.5 oz. | 12 | 14 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 11 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
11 | Flint Extra | 2.9 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 10.5 fl. oz./A per year, , or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Luna Sensation | 5.8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 21 fl. oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Merivon | 5.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 22 fl. oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Pristine | 18.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | High |
*RM DO NOT apply more than 74 oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. |
|
29 | Omega | 13.8 fl oz | 12 | 28 | Not labeled for other tree fruits | ||
F6 | LifeGard | 4.5 oz./100 gal | 4 | 9 | Moderate-High | Apply starting at petal fall through the cover sprays on a 10- to 14-day schedule. Or apply in an alternating or tank-mix program with labeled fungicides as part of a disease management program. Good Flyspeck management. For Organic production. | |
*RM Fungicide with a high risk of developing pathogen resistance. Follow resistance management recommendations here. |
* Restricted Use Pesticide
DISEASE | FRAC | Product |
Rate/ Acre |
REI-hours | PHI-days | EFFICACY | COMMENTS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apple scab | M3 | Manzate Pro-Stick | 3 lb. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 21 lb/A per year. |
M3 | Penncozeb 75 DF | 3.2 lb. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 22.4 lb/A per year. | |
M3 | Dithane F-45 Rainshield | 2.4 qt. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 16.8 qt/A per year. | |
M3 | Polyram 80 DF | 3 lb. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 21 lb/A per year | |
M4 | Captan 80WDG | 5 lb. | 24 | 0 | High | To minimize risk of fruit russet or other fruit damage avoid captan from petal fall through fruit set. DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 40 lb./A of Captan 80WDG per year. | |
M4 | Captan 50WP | 8 lb. | 24 | 0 | High | To minimize risk of fruit russet or other fruit damage avoid captan from petal fall through fruit set. DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 64 lb./A of Captan 50WP per year. | |
M4 | Captan 4L | 4 qt. | 24 | 0 | High | To minimize risk of fruit russet or other fruit damage avoid captan from petal fall through fruit set. DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 32 qt./A of Captan 4L per year. | |
M4 M3 |
Captan 80WDG Manzate Pro-Stick |
2.5 lb. 3 lb. |
24 | 77 | High | Captan plus mancozeb for use in blocks with low scab inoculum. Other formulations - adjust rates. To minimize risk of fruit russet or other fruit damage avoid captan from petal fall through fruit set. | |
3 | Indar 2F | 8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 32 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Rally 40WSP | 10 oz. | 24 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 5 lb./A per year. | |
3 | Rhyme | 6.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 26 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Cevya | 3-5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | *RM DO NOT apply more than 15 fl. oz./A per year. | ||
7 | Aprovia | 7 fl. oz. | 12 | 30 | High | *RM DO NOT apple more than 26.7 fl. oz. per year. | |
7 | Fontelis | 20 fl. oz. | 12 | 28 | High | *RM DO NOT mix with captan. DO NOT apply more than 61 fl oz/A per year. | |
7 | Sercadis | 4.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 18 fl oz/A per season. | |
7 | Miravis | 3.4 fl oz | 12 | 30 | High | *RM Do not apply more than 13.6 fl oz per year | |
11 | Flint Extra | 2.9 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 10.5 fl. oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
11 | Flint | 2.5 oz | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 11 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
11 | Sovran | 6.4 oz | 12 | 30 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 25.6 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
3 + 9 | Inspire Super | 12 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High |
*RM DO NOT apply more than 60 fl. oz./A per year. |
|
7 + 11 | Luna Sensation | 5.8 fl oz | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 21 fl. oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Merivon | 5.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | High |
*RM DO NOT apply more than 22 fl. oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. |
|
7 + 11 | Pristine | 18.5 oz | 12 | 0 | good | *RM DO NOT apply more than 74 oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
Powdery Mildew |
3 | Rally 40 WSP | 10 oz. | 24 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 5 lb./A per year. |
3 | Rhyme | 12 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 26 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Procure 480SC | 16 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High |
*RM DO NOT apply more than 56 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. |
|
3 | Indar 2F | 8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 32 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
11 | Flint Extra | 2.9 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High |
*RM DO NOT apply more than 10.5 fl. oz./A per year, , or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. |
|
11 | Flint | 2.5 oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 11 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
11 | Sovran | 6.4 oz. | 12 | 30 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 25.6 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 | Aprovia | 7 fl. oz. | 12 | 30 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apple more than 26.7 fl oz per year. | |
7 | Fontelis | 20 oz. | 12 | 28 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT mix with captan. DO NOT apply more than 61 fl oz/A per year. | |
7 | Sercadis | 4.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 18 fl oz/A per season. | |
7 | Miravis | 3.4 fl oz | 12 | 30 | Moderate | *RM Do not apply more than 13.6 fl oz per year | |
3 + 9 | Inspire Super | 12 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 60 fl. oz./A per year. | |
7 + 11 | Luna Sensation | 5.8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 22 fl. oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Merivon | 5.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 22 fl. oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Pristine | 18.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 74 oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
M2 | Sulfur DF | 10 to 20 lb | 24 | - | Moderate | DO NOT apply sulfur within 14 days of an oil application. DO NOT use captan in combination with or closely following sulfur products. There are many sulfur formulations - follow the label. | |
NC | JMS Stylet Oil | 1 to 2 gal | 4 | 0 | Moderate | DO NOT apply sulfur within 14 days of an oil application. DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of an oil application. DO NOT use oil with spreader-stickers. | |
NC | SuffOil-X | 1-2% | 4 | 0 | OMRI listed. | ||
Rusts | M3 | Manzate Pro-Stick | 3 lb. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 21 lb/A per year. Do not apply to cultivars that will be harvested in 77 days or less. |
M3 | Penncozeb 75 DF | 3.2 lb. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 22.4 lb/A per year. Do not apply to cultivars that will be harvested in 77 days or less. | |
M3 | Dithane F-45 Rainshield | 2.4 qt. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 16.8 qt/A per year. Do not apply to cultivars that will be harvested in 77 days or less. | |
M3 | Polyram 80 DF | 3 lb. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 21 lb/A per year. Do not apply to cultivars that will be harvested in 77 days or less. | |
3 | Rally 40 WSP | 10 oz | 24 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 5 lb./A per year. | |
3 | Rhyme | 6.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 26 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Indar 2F | 8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 32 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Procure 480SC | 16 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 56 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Cevya | 3-5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | *RM DO NOT apply more than 15 fl. oz./A per year. | ||
7 | Aprovia | 7 fl. oz. | 12 | 30 | Moderate |
*RM DO NOT apple more than 26.7 fl oz per year. |
|
7 | Fontelis | 20 oz. | 12 | 28 | Moderate |
*RM DO NOT mix with captan. DO NOT apply more than 61 fl oz/A per year. |
|
7 | Sercadis | 4.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 18 fl oz/A per season. | |
7 | Miravis | 3.4 fl oz | 12 | 30 | *RM Do not apply more than 13.6 fl oz per year | ||
3 + 9 | Inspire Super | 12 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 60 fl. oz./A per year. | |
7 + 11 | Merivon | 5.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 22 fl. oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
NA | EcoSwing | 1.5 to 2 pt | 4 | 0 | OMRI | ||
Fireblight | P01 | Actigard 50WG | 1 to 2 oz | 12 | 60 | Suppression only. | |
Black Rot White Rot Bitter Rot |
M3 | Manzate Pro-Stick | 3 lb. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 21 lb/A per year. Do not apply to cultivars that will be harvested in 77 days or less. |
M3 | Penncozeb 75 DF | 3.2 lb. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 22.4 lb/A per year. Do not apply to cultivars that will be harvested in 77 days or less. | |
M3 | Dithane F-45 Rainshield | 2.4 qt. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 16.8 qt/A per year. Do not apply to cultivars that will be harvested in 77 days or less. | |
M3 | Polyram 80 DF | 3 lb. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 21 lb/A per year. Do not apply to cultivars that will be harvested in 77 days or less. | |
M4 | Captan 80WDG | 5 lb. | 24 | 0 | High; Moderate Bitter Rot | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 40 lb./A of Captan 80WDG per year. | |
M4 | Captan 50WP | 8 lb. | 24 | 0 | High; Moderate Bitter Rot | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 64 lb./A of Captan 50WP per year. | |
M4 | Captan 4L | 4 qt. | 24 | 0 | High; Moderate Bitter Rot | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 32 qt./A of Captan 4L per year. | |
11 | Flint Extra | 2.9 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 10.5 fl. oz./A per year, , or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
11 | Flint | 2.5 oz. | 12 | 14 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 11 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
11 | Sovran | 6.4 oz. | 12 | 14 | Moderate |
*RM DO NOT apply more than 25.6 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. |
|
7 + 11 | Luna Sensation | 5.8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 21 fl. oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Merivon | 5.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 22 fl. oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Pristine | 18.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 74 oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
29 | Omega | 13.8 fl oz | 12 | 28 | Not labeled for other tree fruits | ||
F6 | LifeGard | 4.5 oz./100 gal | 4 | 0 | Moderate | Apply in an alternating or tank-mix program with labeled fungicides as part of a disease management program. Manages Flyspeck. For Organic production. | |
*RM Fungicide with a high risk of developing pathogen resistance. Follow resistance management recommendations here. |
* Restricted Use Pesticide
DISEASE | FRAC | Product |
Rate/ Acre |
REI-hours | PHI-days | EFFICACY | COMMENTS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apple Scab | M3 | Manzate Pro-Stick | 3 lb. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 21 lb/A per year. Do not apply to cultivars that will be harvested in 77 days or less. |
M3 | Penncozeb 75 DF | 3.2 lb. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 22.4 lb/A per year. Do not apply to cultivars that will be harvested in 77 days or less. | |
M3 | Dithane F-45 Rainshield | 2.4 qt. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 16.8 qt/A per year. Do not apply to cultivars that will be harvested in 77 days or less. | |
M3 | Polyram 80 DF | 3 lb. | 24 | 77 | High | DO NOT apply more than 21 lb/A per year. Do not apply to cultivars that will be harvested in 77 days or less. | |
M4 | Captan 80WDG | 5 lb. | 24 | 0 | High | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 40 lb./A of Captan 80WDG per year. | |
M4 | Captan 50WP | 8 lb. | 24 | 0 | High | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 64 lb./A of Captan 50WP per year. | |
M4 | Captan 4L | 4 qt. | 24 | 0 | High | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 32 qt./A of Captan 4L per year. | |
3 | Indar 2F | 8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 32 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Rally 40WSP | 10 oz. | 24 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 5 lb./A per year. | |
3 | Rhyme | 6.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 26 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Cevya | 3-5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | *RM DO NOT apply more than 15 fl. oz./A per year. | ||
11 | Flint Extra | 2.9 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 10.5 fl. oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
11 | Flint | 2.5 oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 11 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
11 | Sovran | 6.4 oz. | 12 | 30 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 25.6 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
3 + 9 | Inspire Super | 12 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 60 fl. oz./A per year. | |
7 + 11 | Luna Sensation | 5.8 fl oz | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 21 fl. oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Merivon | 5.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 22 fl. oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Pristine | 18.5 oz | 12 | 0 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 74 oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 | Miravis | 3.4 fl oz | 12 | 30 | High | *RM Do not apply more than 13.6 fl oz /year | |
Fire Blight | NC | Apogee | 4.5 to 9 oz per 100 gal | 12 | 45 | Shoot blight only - Low to Moderate | To control shoot blight only. If Apogee was applied during petal fall, apply a second application 2 weeks later. Apogee is a growth regulator and does not directly control fire blight bacteria, but by slowing growth makes apple shoots more resistant to infection. |
Sooty Blotch / Flyspeck | M3 | Ziram 76DF | 6 lb. | 48 | 14 | Moderate | DO NOT apply more than 42.4 lb./A or more than 7 applications per year. |
M4 | Captan 80WDG | 2.5 to 5 lb. | 24 | 0 | Moderate | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil.
DO NOT apply more than 40 lb./A of Captan 80WDG per year. |
|
M4 | Captan 50 WP | 4 to 8 lb. | 24 | 0 | Moderate | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 64 lb./A of Captan 50WP per year. | |
M4 | Captan 4L | 2 to 4 qt. | 24 | 0 | Moderate | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 32 qt./A of Captan 4L per year. | |
1 | Topsin 4.5 FL | 20 fl. oz. | 48 | 1 | High | *RM. Tank mix with 2.5 lb/A Captan 80 WDG or equivalent. DO NOT apply more than 80 fl. oz./A per year. | |
1 | Topsin M WSB | 1 lb. | 48 | 1 | High | *RM. Tank mix with 2.5 lb/A Captan 80 WDG or equivalent. DO NOT apply more than 4 lb./A per year. | |
1 | Thiophanate Methyl 85 WDG | 0.8 lb. | 48 | 1 | High | *RM. Tank mix with 2.5 lb/A Captan 80 WDG or equivalent. DO NOT apply more than 3.3 lb./A per year. | |
3 | Indar 2F | 8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 32 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Ceyva | 3-5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | *RM DO NOT apply more than 15 fl. oz./A per year. | ||
11 | Flint Extra | 2.9 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 10.5 fl. oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
11 | Flint | 2.5 oz | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 11 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
11 | Sovran | 4 to 6.4 oz | 12 | 30 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 25.6 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
33 | Helena ProPhyt | 4 to 6 pt | 4 | 0 | High | ProPhyt should be tank mixed with 2.5 lb/A Captan 80 WDG or equivalent to reach adequate efficacy against sooty blotch and flyspeck. | |
3 + 9 | Inspire Super | 12 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 60 fl. oz./A per year. | |
7 + 11 | Luna Sensation | 5.8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 21 fl. oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Merivon | 5.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 22 fl. oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Pristine | 18.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 74 oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 | Miravis | 3.4 fl oz | 12 | 30 | High | *RM Do not apply more than 13.6 fl oz /year | |
7 | Aprovia | 5.5 to 7 fl oz | 12 | 30 | |||
F6 | LifeGard | 4.5 oz./100 gal | 4 | 0 | Moderate | Apply in an alternating or tank-mix program with labeled fungicides as part of a disease management program. For Organic production. | |
29 | Omega | 10 to 13.8 fl oz | 12 | 28 | Not labeled for other tree fruits | ||
Powdery Mildew |
3 | Rally 40WSP | 10 oz. | 24 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 5 lb./A per year. |
3 | Rhyme | 6.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 26 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Indar 2F | 8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 32 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
3 | Procure 480SC | 16 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 56 fl. oz./A or 4 sprays per year. | |
11 | Flint Extra | 2.9 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 10.5 fl. oz./A per year, , or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
11 | Flint | 2.5 oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 11 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
11 | Sovran | 6.4 oz. | 12 | 30 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 25.6 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
3+9 | Inspire Super | 12 fl oz | 12 | 14 | *RM Not more than 60 fl oz/A per year | ||
7 | Miravis | 3.4 fl oz | 12 | 30 | *RM | ||
M2 | Sulfur DF | 10 to 20 lb | 24 | - | good | DO NOT apply sulfur within 14 days of an oil application. DO NOT use captan in combination with or closely following sulfur products. There are many sulfur formulations - follow the label. | |
NC | JMS Stylet Oil | 1 to 2 gal | 4 | 0 | good | DO NOT apply sulfur within 14 days of an oil application. DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of an oil application. DO NOT use oil with spreader-stickers. | |
NC | SuffOil-X | 1-2% | 4 | 0 | OMRI listed. | ||
Black Rot White Rot Bitter Rot |
1 | Topsin 4.5 FL | 20 fl oz | 48 | 1 | High | *RM. Tank mix with 2.5 lb/A Captan 80 WDG or equivalent. DO NOT apply more than 80 fl. oz./A per year. |
1 | Topsin M WSB | 1 lb | 48 | 1 | High | *RM. Tank mix with 2.5 lb/A Captan 80 WDG or equivalent. DO NOT apply more than 4 lb./A per year. | |
1 | Thiophanate Methyl 85 WDG | 0.8 lb | 48 | 1 | High | *RM. Tank mix with 2.5 lb/A Captan 80 WDG or equivalent. DO NOT apply more than 3.3 lb./A per year. | |
M3 | Ziram 76DF | 6 lb. | 48 | 14 | Moderate; Very low Bitter Rot | DO NOT apply more than 42.4 lb./A or more than 7 applications per year. | |
M4 | Captan 80WDG | 5 lb. | 24 | 0 | High; Moderate Bitter Rot | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 40 lb./A of Captan 80WDG per year. | |
M4 | Captan 50WP | 8 lb. | 24 | 0 | High; Moderate Bitter Rot | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 64 lb./A of Captan 50WP per year. | |
M4 | Captan 4L | 4 qt. | 24 | 0 | High; Moderate Bitter Rot | DO NOT apply captan within 10 days of oil. DO NOT apply more than 32 qt./A of Captan 4L per year. | |
11 | Sovran | 6.4 oz. | 12 | 30 | Moderate |
*RM DO NOT apply more than 25.6 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. |
|
11 | Flint | 2.5 oz. | 12 | 14 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 11 oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
11 | Flint Extra | 2.9 fl. oz | 12 | 14 | Moderate | *RM DO NOT apply more than 10.5 fl. oz./A per year, , or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Luna Sensation | 5.8 fl. oz. | 12 | 14 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 21 fl. oz./A per year, or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Merivon | 5.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 22 fl. oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
7 + 11 | Pristine | 18.5 fl. oz. | 12 | 0 | High | *RM DO NOT apply more than 74 oz./A per season,or more than 4 applications of any Group 11 fungicide per year. | |
29 | Omega | 13.9 fl oz | 12 | 28 | Not labeled for other tree fruits | ||
RM Fungicide with a high risk of developing pathogen resistance. Follow resistance management recommendations here. | |||||||
* Restricted Use Pesticide
Product |
Apple SCAB |
Powdery mildew |
cedar apple |
sooty blotch |
black Rot white rot |
bitter rot |
FRAC Code |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aprovia | 1 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 7 |
Captan | 1 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | M4 |
Cevya | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | 3 |
Copper | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | M1 |
Double Nickel | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | F6 |
Excalia | 1 | 1 | 3 | - | - | - | 7 |
Flint | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 11 |
Flint Extra | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 11 |
Fontelis | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | 7 |
Indar | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | 3 |
Inspire Super | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | - | 3+9 |
LifeGard | - | - | - | 2 | - | 2 | F6 |
Lime sulfur (Sulforix) | 2 | 2 | - | - | - | - | M2 |
Luna Sensation | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7+11 |
Luna Tranquility | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | 7+9 |
Mancozeb (Dithane, Manzate, Penncozeb) |
1 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | M3 |
Merivon | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7+11 |
Polyram | 2 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | M3 |
Pristine | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7+11 |
Procure | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | 3 |
Rally | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | 3 |
Regalia | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | P5 |
Rhyme | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | 3 |
Scala | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | 9 |
Sercadis | 1 | 1 | - | - | 4 | 1 | 7 |
Serenade Optimum | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | - | 3 | F6 |
Sovran | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 11 |
SulfoMEX | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | M2 |
Sulfur | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | M2 |
Syllit | 1 | 3 | 2 | - | - | - | M7 |
Topsin-M | 3 | 2 | - | 1 | 3 | 4 | 1 |
Vangard | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | 9 |
Ziram | 3 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | M3 |
1 = high; 2 = moderate; 3 = low; 4 = very low to none; - = not registered/no efficacy |
Fertilizer decisions for fruit crops should be made based on scientific evidence of need. This is accomplished by combining results of foliar tissue and soil testing, with environmental conditions and crop load to develop a fertilizer program.
Foliar tissue analysis indicates the levels of macro and micro nutrients within the plant tissue. Standards have been established for tree fruit.
Foliar tissue collection timing: 60 to 70 days after Petal Fall. Collect 70 to 100 of the most recent mature leaves from trees of the same variety. All labs use the sample testing method. Suggested sampling frequency is every year.
A soil analysis indicates the levels of macro nutrients (not nitrogen) and some micro nutrients available in the soil, as well as soil pH.
Soil sample collection timing: anytime the soil is not frozen. One sample will cover 10 acres unless there are changes in topography, previous fertility practices across the area have not been uniform, and if crops vary. Sample every 3 years. There are three different soil testing methods (Morgan, Modified Morgan and Mehlich 3). All are correct. However, in order to compare a field from one testing to another, use the same soil testing lab each time.
apple nutrient foliar standards |
|
---|---|
NUtrient | Foliar standard |
Nitrogen (N) |
2.2 to 2.4 % Hard (firm-fleshed) varieties 1.8 to 2.2 % Soft varieties 2.4 to 2.6 % Non-bearing |
Phosphorus (P) | 0.08 to 0.33 % |
Potassium (K) | 1.2 to 1.8 % (higher end for Empire) |
Calcium (Ca) | 1.3 to 2.0 % |
Magnesium (Mg) | 0.35 to 0.5 % |
Boron (B) | 35 to 50 ppm |
Iron (Fe) | 60 to 400 ppm |
Manganese (Mn) | 35 to 135 ppm |
Copper (Cu) | 7 to 12 ppm |
Zinc (Zn) | 25 to 50 ppm |
soil optimum nutrient levels (modified morgan) | |
---|---|
nutrient | optimum level |
pH |
6.5 to 7.0 (Non-bearing) 6.0 to 6.5 (Established) |
Phosphorus (P) |
>10 (Pre-plant) 9 lb (Established) |
Potassium (K) | 240 lb |
Calcium (Ca) | 2400 lb |
Magnesium (Mg) | 400 lb |
Apple bud stages...
Fungicide resistance can make apple scab management much more difficult. Apple scab has developed resistance to most fungicides in at least a few parts of the U.S., and the risk of resistance is high for single-site fungicides. Once resistance to a fungicide class is established in an orchard, that class is no longer a control option. It is important to keep options, and manage fungicide risk.
The following risk management rules are recommended.
Apple insecticide efficacy tables, 2023 update
Apple - petal fall insecticide efficacy
Apple - summer insecticide efficacy
Note that this section discusses the intentional production of apples for the purpose of making fermented or hard cider, which in this section will be referred to as ‘cider’. The term ‘sweet cider’ will refer to non-fermented, fresh cider that is traditionally sold in plastic jugs at farms and other retail outlets. It is important to distinguish between the two types of cider due to differences between them in handling and food safety. Fermentation and other processes ‘treat’ the juice from cider apples in a manner that inherently improves microbial food safety. Juice for sweet cider is non- or minimally-treated, making food safety requirements substantially greater for juice apples than for cider apples Fruit used in making sweet cider must be whole, sound, and free from soil and other contaminants. This does not mean that cider fruit may be damaged and dirty, but they may have a higher tolerance for imperfections.
In recent years, growth in the production and marketing of fermented/hard cider has been accompanied by increased interest in growing cider apples. The first consideration is to properly define ‘cider apples’. A simple definition is ‘apples used to make cider’. Growers should then carefully consider the economic and management impacts of producing cider apples. Some of those considerations include: cidery demand; current market supply; and orchards design management factors.
This material is based upon work supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, through the Northeast Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education program under subaward number LNE19-373.
The vast majority of apples used for cider in New England are commonly-grown dessert cultivars, e.g. ‘McIntosh’, ‘’Cortland’, etc. Common dessert cultivars have become repurposed as cider apples because they are the most-planted and therefore most-produced apple cultivars in the region. Additionally, packing lines that sort fruit to meet the standards of the USDA grading system efficiently separate high-value fruit from lower-value cider apples. This is a critical consideration when growing dessert cultivars that will be used for cider making because differences in prices paid for fresh vs. cider apples will determine overall orchard profitability. Cider apple prices received by growers vary by region and buyer and, although they are generally higher than they were prior to the expansion of the cider market, they are still 3-6 times lower than fresh fruit prices paid for the same cultivars when sorted and packed to market standards. To maximize the prices received for dual purpose cultivars growers should produce as high a proportion of their fruit for higher-value fresh markets as possible and sell the smaller proportion of utility-grade apples to cideries. Alternatively, growers could enter into contracts with cideries to guarantee profitable prices for cider apples if sold exclusively for processing.
Cideries may seek heirloom or other specific apple cultivars that contribute flavors, aromas, mouthfeel, and other characteristics to finished ciders. These cider specific apple cultivars may be inherently more valuable to cideries than off-grade dessert cultivars and thus growers may receive high enough prices to justify growing them specifically for that market. Decisions to plant or manage these fruit should be made in collaboration with potential buyers, as there may be great risk in producing a cultivar that is not marketable when an orchard comes to maturity.
Cultivars specifically for use in cider making may fall into two classes: dual-purpose cultivars and cider-only cultivars. Dual-purpose cultivars include apples with characteristics that make them useful for both fresh and cider markets. Many traditional heirloom cultivars, e.g., ‘Northern Spy’, ‘Golden Russet’, and ‘Esopus Spitzenburg’, may fall into this category. In addition, some newer, highly-flavored cultivars like ‘Liberty’, ‘Goldrush’ and ‘Crimson Crisp’ could be grown for both fresh and cider markets, but it is critical to assess the local markets, both for fresh and for cider fruit, prior to planting or topgrafting these cultivars. For some niche cultivars, local fresh fruit markets may be easily saturated. At the same time, these cultivars may not receive the same prices that cider-only cultivars may command from cideries.
Specific, cider-only cultivars possess especially unique flavor and juice chemistry attributes that may make them especially valuable for cider making, but which taste objectionable as fresh fruit. Therefore, those cultivars must sell for comparable prices to fresh dessert fruit cultivars in order to justify their production. Generally, these cultivars fall into two classes. First are the European-origin bittersweet and bittersharp cultivars that are commonly grown in England, France, and, increasingly, in developing cider regions around the world. Such cultivars include ‘Dabinett’, ‘Yarlington Mill’, ‘Kingston Black’, and numerous others. At this time, the adaptability of European cider apple cultivars to New England is not entirely known, and many of the cultivars have unique production challenges, including biennial bearing tendencies, difficulty in training to modern orchard systems, and high susceptibility to sunburn, fruit rots, and fire blight. Second are the less common but likely under-explored North American cider apple cultivars, such as ‘Hewes Crab’, ‘Harrison’, and ‘Franklin Cider Apple’.
Planting and production of cider-specific cultivars has the potential to significantly increase new markets for apple producers in New England. Caution is advised when establishing such orchards, because of the sometimes still-unknown production challenges and limited marketability of fruit outside of cider markets. Growers of cider-specific cultivars are dependent on an independent cider industry or must themselves establish a cidery which can bring its own production, management, capital, and marketing challenges. A grower interested in cider apple production should carefully consider all production and marketing aspects and should explore developing long-term contracts or other business arrangements with buyers of cider fruit to minimize financial risk.
Orchard management may need to be adjusted when growing cider fruit as compared to fresh market apples. Changes in management may be based upon desires to affect fruit/juice quality; to reduce production costs to meet lower price points for cider apples; or to reduce orchard inputs for environmental or labor management reasons. It is important to provide cider apples with a basic level of management in order to maintain acceptable fruit production; reduce disease inoculum and insect pest populations; and maintain worker access into the orchard. Furthermore, if an orchard is managed to provide fruit to both fresh and cider markets, it nearly always makes sense to manage your crop so that the maximum proportion of fruit goes to the highest-valued market. The recent increase in cider/sweet cider apple prices paid for dessert cultivars does not generally justify substantial reductions in inputs or management when growing them.
There is substantial debate about the best planting and training system for producing cider apples. Modern, high-density orchard systems, e.g., tall spindle, are being increasingly adopted for fresh market dessert cultivars because of their precocity, crop yield, and fruit quality potential. However, tall spindle systems are substantially more expensive to establish than lower-density, freestanding central leader systems, and their high installation and early management costs are typically recouped through early, high-yield harvests of high-value fruit. For cider-specific cultivars, lower potential fruit price, biennial bearing tendency, and reduced need for fruit-sun exposure may make those advantages less significant. There is also substantial discussion around best harvest methods, including mechanical and/or ground harvesting of cider fruit that may lend themselves to certain training systems. Research needs to be conducted on the best training systems for cider-specific cultivars, especially the European bittersweet and bittersharp cultivars, to assess potential juice quality effects, and the economics of New England cider production before widespread recommendations may be made. Growers are urged to carefully consider potential costs, returns, and markets when choosing a tree planting and training system for cider apple production.
Cider apple trees in freestanding central leader systems may be pruned somewhat less than trees grown for dessert fruit, but it is important to maintain sufficient light to the interior of the tree to produce annual fruit buds. Reduced pruning of cider trees may also reduce airflow into the tree canopy and thus could increase some fungal diseases. Finally, access to the trees by pickers and other workers may be difficult if trees are not adequately pruned on at least a biennial basis. While intensive pruning may be reduced somewhat in cider apple trees, trees that are ‘let go’ will decline in fruit production and quality in just a few years’ time.
Management of orchard fertility specifically for cider apple production has not been specifically optimized for New England conditions nor for the multiple cider apple cultivars and planting systems used. Apple fertility programs recommended in New England have generally been developed for optimum fresh market fruit which are grown for (relatively) large fruit size. Cider-specific apples are typically managed for maximum, preferably annual, tonnage of fruit, with less regard for fruit size. Both fresh market and cider apple production systems will ultimately remove substantial amounts of mineral nutrients from the orchard system, and those must be replaced either from the soil reserves or through application of fertilizing materials. Some important minerals to maintain include potassium, boron, calcium, and magnesium, and those should be managed in the same way for both dessert and cider cultivars. Some research suggests that the phenolic (tannin) content of cider cultivar juice may benefit lower levels of nitrogen than are typically recommended for dessert fruit.For biennial cider cultivars, it may be prudent to reduce nitrogen applications in the ‘off’ year in order to reduce excessive vegetative growth. The increased susceptibility of many European cider cultivars to fire blight may also justify a reduced-nitrogen program for those trees.
As with any orchard nutrient management program, it is important to know the nutrient status of the trees and the soil before making fertilizer applications. The same recommendations for foliar tissue sampling and soil analysis as are included for fresh fruit are suggested for cider orchards.
Crop load management in cider apples is approached with different goals than for dessert fruit. For cider apples, fruit size is not typically an important consideration, nor necessarily is reduction of fruit clustering. Typically, a cider apple grower is seeking high total tonnage of smaller apples with higher skin-to-flesh ratio, preferably on an annual basis. Therefore, aggressive thinning and especially thinners that promote cell division (e.g., benzyladenine-containing materials) are not generally recommended in cider orchards. Many European cider apple cultivars show limited response to most chemical thinners and tend to adopt biennial bearing habits regardless of crop load management practices applied.
Because cosmetic finish is not a major concern for cider apples, IPM programs are an area where input and management reductions may be made without compromising the profitability of the orchard. There are multiple considerations in tailoring an IPM approach in a cider orchard. First, as mentioned above, if any substantial portion of the crop will be sold to a higher-value, higher-quality standard market, then the IPM program should be tailored to meet that highest market. This means that growers who plan to sell the majority of their crop as fresh fruit and the off-grade fruit to cideries should manage the orchard to maximize fresh market fruit, which may eliminate any potential management savings from reduced inputs. If a crop is managed from the beginning of the season, or after a hail storm or other event that reduces fruit finish, as intended for cider, then there may be some opportunities to reduce inputs and management compared to a fresh market crop.
Only a handful of diseases and insect pests in New England may be considered purely cosmetic and thus may warrant not managing at all in cider orchards. For example, tarnished plant bug causes cosmetic fruit damage, especially early in the season prior to bloom. In cider orchards, insecticide treatment for this pest at pink bud stage may be skipped. Likewise, the summer diseases sooty blotch and flyspeck are not of concern on cider apples, and their management may be skipped. However, there may be other pests and diseases that are active at those same times which could negatively affect crop quantity or quality. Many cider apple cultivars appear to be especially susceptible to summer fruit rots, so complete elimination of disease management in summer after primary apple scab ascospore release may not be prudent.
Apple scab deserves discussion in regards to its potential to impact profitability of cider apple production. Scab is often considered a cosmetic disease, and thus one for which management on cider apples may be reduced. In an orchard where scab is managed, but some disease incidence breaks through because of poor fungicide coverage, missed infection periods, or fungicide resistance, the visual effects often do appear cosmetic. But the apple scab fungus derives all of its energy from the host, and may weaken trees even when infection is only moderate. Apple scab infection may reduce crop yield and quality, and severe fruit scab can lead to secondary fruit rots. Scab is best managed through a preventative approach, including reduction of overwintering inoculum and avoidance of primary ascospore infections which can prevent season-long disease management. The urge to lighten up on scab management in cider apples may be strong, but it is still best to protect trees from the disease rigorously during primary ascospore release to reduce management needs later in the season.
Fire blight is one disease which the cider apple grower should be especially vigilant. Many European bittersweet and bittersharp cider cultivars are highly susceptible to this disease. Such cultivars also tend to bloom one to two weeks after most dessert cultivars grown in New England. This shifts the management of blossom fire blight on these cultivars into early summer when temperatures are typically warmer, which further increases infection potential. The management practices for cider cultivars are the same as for dessert cultivars, so as long as growers are fastidious in performing them, the disease should be manageable. It is especially important to maintain a comprehensive management program against the disease, including inoculum reduction, nutrient management, reduction of vegetative growth, and application of antibiotics during blossom infection.
Insect pests often cause cosmetic damage to fruit for which cider apple growers may be relatively tolerant. Some pests, e.g., plum curculio and European apple sawfly, may cause fruit significant abscission that can reduce crop yield at harvest; others, e.g., codling moth and other lepidopteran pests may cause damage that can leave fruit susceptible to rots that can leave fruit unusable for cider making. Therefore, insect pest management on cider apples should not be ignored. For example, growers may consider reducing applications targeting certain pest generations, such as targeting plum curculio with a single well-timed insecticide application as opposed to 2-3 applications using the standard degree day model. More research on adaptation of scouting thresholds and damage tolerance levels on cider apples is needed before recommendations for specific cider IPM programs may be developed.
Harvest labor costs for cider apples may potentially be reduced compared to costs for picking dessert fruit, because pickers would typically ‘strip-pick’ all fruit from the tree rather than be selective for fruit size and color requirements for fresh market apples. However, cider apples are often smaller than dessert fruit, which can increase harvest time and eliminate labor gains made by strip-picking. Cider apples are typically ripened as much as possible on the tree, which makes them prone to drop either during or prior to harvest. Some cider apple growers even wait until a substantial portion of the fruit is on the ground, then shake the remaining fruit from the trees and harvest from the orchard floor. While this method may be efficient and lend itself to optimum ripeness development, as well as potentially to mechanical harvest, food safety must be a primary consideration. Most food safety plans for sweet cider would preclude the intentional harvest of fruit from the ground, which can introduce numerous human pathogens to the fruit. While fermentation is an accepted method for reducing pathogen load in finished ciders, ground harvested fruit should be sorted for rots and debris and washed prior to pressing. If shared equipment will be used for juice intended for both sweet cider and fermented cider, fruit storage and equipment sanitation become especially critical and written procedures and compliance standards should be maintained to ensure that fresh cider does not become contaminated with pathogens.
Adapted from John Wise et al, Michigan State University, https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/miticides_options_for_controlling_mites_in_fruit. Updated April, 2019.
COMPOUND | IRAC | FRUIT CROP | MITES | Life stage target | seasonal timing | residual control |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Superior, stylet oils | none | All tree fruit crops | ERM, RM | egg/larvae | Early (pre-bloom) | 2 to 6 weeks |
Lime-sulfur | M2 | Pome, stone | RM | motiles* | Early (delayed dormant) | 2 to 6 weeks |
Dimilin | 7C RUP |
Pear | RM | motiles* | Early (pre-bloom) | 2 to 6 weeks |
Onager | 10A | Stone | TSSM | egg/larvae | Mid (or threshold)** | 6 to 8 weeks |
Apollo | 10A | Pome, cherry, peach | ERM | egg/larvae | Early **** | 8 to 12 weeks |
Apollo | 10A | Pome, cherry, peach | TSSM | egg/larvae | Mid (or threshold)** | 6 to 8 weeks |
Agri-Mek, ABBA | 6 | Pome, stone | ERM, RM | motiles* | Early **** | 8 to 12 weeks |
Agri-Mek | 6 | Pome, stone | TSSM | motiles* | Mid (or threshold)** | 6 to 8 weeks |
Minecto Pro | 6,28 RUP |
Pome, stone | ERM, RM | motiles* | Early **** | 8 to 12 weeks |
Minecto Pro | 6,28 RUP |
Pome, stone | TSSM | motiles* | Mid (or threshold) | 6 to 8 weeks |
Agri-Flex | 6,4A RUP |
Pome | ERM, RM | motiles* | Early **** | 8 to 12 weeks |
Gladiator | 6,3 RUP |
Pome, stone | ERM, RM | motiles* | Early **** | 8 to 12 weeks |
Gladiator | 6,3 RUP |
Pome, stone | TSSM | motiles* | Mid (or threshold) | 6 to 8 weeks |
Zeal | 10B | Pome, stone | ERM | egg/larvae | Early (or threshold) ** | 8 to 10 weeks |
Zeal | 10B | Pome, stone | TSSM | egg/larvae | Mid (or threshold)** | 6 to 8 weeks |
Nexter | 21A | Pome, stone | ERM, RM | motiles* | Mid (or threshold)** | 6 to 8 weeks |
Nexter | 21A | Pome, stone | TSSM | motiles* | Mid (or threshold)** | 6 to 8 weeks |
Portal | 21A | Pome | ERM, RM, TSSM | motiles* | Mid (or threshold)** | 6 to 8 weeks |
Nealta | 25 | Pome | ERM, TSSM | motiles* | Mid (or threshold)** | 6 to 8 weeks |
Magister | 21A,39 fung. | Pome, stone | TSSM | eggs, motiles* | Mid (or threshold)** | 6 to 8 weeks |
Kanemite | 20B | Pome | ERM, TSSM | motiles* | Mid (or threshold)** | 6 to 8 weeks |
Acramite, Banter | none | Pome, peach, plum | ERM, TSSM | motiles* | Mid (or threshold)** | 6 to 8 weeks |
Danitol | 3 RUP |
Pome | ERM, TSSM | motiles* | Mid (or threshold)** | 4 to 6 weeks |
Brigade | 3A RUP |
Pear | ERM, TSSM | motiles* | Mid (or threshold)** | 4 to 6 weeks |
Vendex | 12B | Pome, stone | ERM, TSSM | motiles* | Mid (or threshold)** | 4 to 6 weeks |
Sulforix | none | Pear | RM | motiles (include pear blister mite) | Late (post-harvest) | 2 to 6 weeks |
* Motile forms include mite larvae, nymph and adult stages.
** Optimally used petal fall through August when mites reach threshold.
*** Optimally used pre-bloom through first cover.
**** Optimally used petal fall through second cover.
RUP Restricted Use Pesticide