Written by: George Hamilton

Management of the orchard floor is an essential and often expensive piece of the overall orchard management scheme. A poorly designed and managed orchard floor will increase costs in several important ways, including increased mowing costs, reduced yield due to weed competition, and wear and tear on equipment. Several orchard floor management options to consider are:

1. Clean Cultivation/Fall Cover

This option can be effective with young trees, in particular as a management system that eliminates weed competition and encourages tree growth. These benefits do not come without cost. Soil erosion in particular is a real risk. Late summer seeding to a fall cover crop such as spring oats is essential to limit erosion. This fall cover must be planted early enough to allow ample autumn growth to protect soil from cold penetration in winter. Loss of organic matter with this system is another liability-soil organic matter is broken down quickly with repeated cultivation. In addition to these potential risks, calcium availability to trees may be reduced and soil compaction problems may develop.

2. Mulch

Mulching offers some attractive potential benefits, including improved soil moisture retention and weed suppression. Unfortunately, mulching also offers a couple of key liabilities that make it impractical as a general orchard practice. Perhaps most importantly, mulch provides an ideal habitat for voles (mice). Research has shown that some mulches result in an increase in crown rot diseases. Also, while the use of mulch will increase levels of organic matter and key nutrients including potassium and magnesium, its use will likely lead to reduced calcium levels. The use of wood-based mulch such as wood chips and bark may be valuable on excessively drained soils.

3. Permanent Sod

Permanent sod, often including an under-tree herbicide strip, is the orchard floor management system most commonly used. A permanent sod offers many important benefits. It reduces soil erosion; gives support (especially important when soils are wet) for heavy equipment needed for brush removal, pesticide application, and mowing; reduces dust and dust deposits on fruit; reduces tree rack or wobble during wind events; insulates against cold penetration in winter; increases movement of key nutrients including calcium into the tree root zone; and may provide winter refuge for a beneficial mite species.

A permanent sod also allows soil organic matter levels to increase over time, a condition which when coupled with proper soil pH management, eliminates the need to apply phosphorous throughout the life of the orchard.

The key to success with this system is establishment (preferably prior to planting) of a permanent sod floor. Combinations of slow-growing grass types such as dwarf hard fescues and perennial ryegrasses are preferable.

The process of establishing an orchard floor should include elimination of perennial weeds and grasses through use of an herbicide such as glyphosate (Roundup) before planting the orchard. In addition, correction of soil drainage deficiencies, soil pH and nutrient adjustment based on soil test recommendations, and preparation of a smooth, stone-free soil surface for seeding are all key elements for success. A 2-year soil preparation process that includes a full summer of cover cropping with a vigorous cover crop such as Sudan grass or Japanese millet is ideal. Seeding of a new orchard floor is best done in late summer or early autumn. In older plantings, the permanent sod is often a ‘wild’ mix of more vigorous grasses and herbaceous plants, a mix that requires extensive management including several mowings annually. In addition, the orchard floor is often rough and rutted from years of equipment traffic and dotted with rock outcroppings, adding to the management cost.

Some drawbacks are associated with permanent ground cover. Certain plant species such as alfalfa can promote pest populations (e.g., tarnished plant bug). Ground cover also provides competition for water and nutrients, especially to young trees. If not properly managed, it also provides habitat for voles. These drawbacks can be minimized with appropriate management of the orchard floor.

Mowing is the most important orchard floor management tool. Establishment of an orchard floor composed of slow growing grass species can reduce mowing requirements significantly. With an orchard floor composed of vigorous ‘wild’ species, several timely mowings will be required to prevent undue competition for trees and reduce vole populations by limiting their preferred habitat. A final mowing in late autumn (using a flail type mower) can reduce the potential apple scab infection risk the following spring. Frequent and close mowing can reduce favorable habitat for voles and significantly reduce the risk of vole damage to orchards!

Herbicides are generally used to manage groundcover around tree trunks and in that portion of the under-tree area that is difficult to mow. For mature trees on seedling or semi-dwarf rootstock, this herbicide strip may extend up to 6 feet or more out from tree trunks. With dwarf rootstock trees, the herbicide strip generally extends 2 feet or less out from the trunks. Maintaining herbicide strips as narrow as practical is important in reducing the risk of soil erosion and tree rack as well as cold penetration into the root zone of trees. Research has shown that if orchards are irrigated the herbicide strip can be more narrow. In addition, narrow strips may facilitate movement of mite predators from the orchard floor into trees in summer. Less total herbicide is used per acre when these strips are narrow, reducing risk for environmental problems including herbicide leaching and runoff.

It is important to use herbicides judiciously for maintenance of these strips. Ideally, the use of herbicides will leave a living groundcover and root system or a mat of killed ground cover to protect soil from erosion and cold penetration. The overuse of herbicides, even in narrow strip systems, will lead to a barren soil strip and a high risk of erosion, tree rack, cold temperature injury to tree root systems, and rain water runoff.

Herbicide timing should be chosen so as to assure that live groundcover, or a matting of killed groundcover will be present when soil erosion is likely, especially during the dormant season, and when thunderstorms are likely. Practices that promote extensive moss growth have not been identified, but it is evident that some herbicides inhibit moss establishment and others do not.

Soil organic matter is much more than the dead leaves, stems, and roots produced by the groundcover and orchard trees. As plant tissues decay, through the activity of soil microorganisms (bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae, protozoa, and nematodes) they produce humus, a complex mixture of organic compounds that gives topsoil its characteristically dark brown color. The soil microbes themselves die, contributing to the total pool of biomass that forms humus. In sod-covered soils, humus typically constitutes the bulk of soil organic matter. But humus is not permanent. Its constituents undergo a slow, but continuing process of decay. If soil is kept bare, the major food source for soil microorganisms is eliminated, and humus can then be expected to disappear faster than it is formed.

Humus is a major source of nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur. These three essential elements are abundant in biological tissue, the source of humus. Humus also has a controlling influence on the availability of essential micro-nutrients, not because its parent biological tissues were high in micro-nutrients, but because humus can form “chelates” with copper, zinc, manganese, etc. that are released from soil minerals. Chelated micronutrients are held against leaching from the soil, and under the right conditions, are available to plant roots.

Another value of humus derives from its electrostatic attraction for oppositely charged nutrient elements, protecting them against leaching. This property, called cation exchange capacity, is also exhibited by clay particles. Cation exchange capacity, together with chelation, allows soils to hold nutrients until picked up by plant roots. Soils in which these properties are at a low level, as in soils with little clay or organic content, are naturally low in agricultural productivity, because they cannot supply as much mineral nutrition as the crops are capable of using.

Additional benefits of soil organic matter are:

• It increases moisture-retention in sandy soils. Organic matter can hold up to 20 times its weight in water.
• It acts as “glue” to hold very small soil mineral particles together in units called aggregates. Aggregation permits a loose, open, granular condition that aids penetration by water, air, and roots, and resists erosion.
• It has the ability to absorb many organic pesticides, holding them near the soil surface, where they are more likely to be degraded by biological activity and sunlight, rather than leach to groundwater and potential crop damage if used improperly.

Adapted from 2015-16 New England Tree Fruit Management Guide, Chapter 8 - Weed Management and 2018 Cornell Pest Management Guidelines for Commercial Tree Fruit Production

2,4-D (Amine 4, 2,4-D, Orchard Master CA, Saber, Unison, Weedar 64) 2,4-D is a selective herbicide that is effective on many annual and perennial broadleaf weeds when applied as a postemergence foliar spray. It is particularly effective in controlling dandelions on the orchard floor at minimal rates when applied in late fall. These materials should not be applied during the bloom period of fruit trees, i.e., from the time flower buds begin to expand until 4 weeks after bloom. Combinations of 2,4-D plus glyphosate have been effective in controlling many difficult perennial broadleaf weeds. Do not apply to bare ground or light, sandy soil. Be careful with herbicide DRIFT! Grapes, many flowers, and vegetable are very sensitive to 2,4-D drift.

Ammonium Nonanoate sold as Axxe Broad Spectrum Herbicide (BioSafe Systems) is a contact nonselective herbicide for spray application only to undesirable plant growth. Do not allow spray to contact any green plant parts of desirable plants. AXXE Broad Spectrum Herbicide provides control and burndown suppression of annual and perennial broadleaf and grass weeds. The amount of burndown and the duration of weed suppression may be reduced when weed growth conditions are unfavorable or when plants are mature. AXXE Broad Spectrum Herbicide is a soap product which penetrates the cell walls of plants to disrupt the cellular organization of physiological functions which are compartmentalized by membranes within the cell walls. Plant growth ceases when cellular contents are mixed which causes brown necrotic plant tissue. AXXE Broad Spectrum Herbicide does not migrate through the soil and is not translocated in plants. To ensure satisfactory control, plant leaves must be thoroughly and uniformly covered with the spray solution. AXXE Broad Spectrum Herbicide does not provide any residual weed control in soil to affect germinating weed seeds. OMRI listed with exceptions.

Carfentrazone-ethyl (Aim 2EC, Rage, Zeus Prime XC) is a contact, post-emergent, desiccant herbicide for control of young broadleaf weeds only; it has no effect on grasses or sedges. Aim is most effective if used on weeds that are small (up to 4 inches high) in combination with glyphosate. Tank mix provides faster desiccation of weeds than glyphosate alone, but is not effective for long-term control of perennial weeds. Aim should always be mixed with crop oil concentrate or nonionic surfactant. Do not allow spray to contact green bark, fruit or foliage. Aim can be used for sucker control when tissue is soft and succulent.

Clethodim (Arrow, Clethodim 2EC, Prism, Select 2EC, Select Max, Shadow) controls most grass weed species, including certain hard to control grass weeds, such as small grain volunteers and cover crops, and perennials such as hard fescue, tall fescue, Bermudagrass, orchardgrass, quackgrass, Johnsongrass, and wirestem muhly. Use the lower rate to control annual grasses and the perennial grasses listed above. Repeat the application if regrowth occurs. Always add nonionic surfactant to be 0.25% of the spray solution.

Clopyralid (Spur, Stinger) is a selective, postemergence herbicide for control of some broadleaf weeds if applied while weeds are generally small and actively growing. Some of the weeds controlled include clover species, dandelion, nightshade, burdock, common groundsel, jimsonweed, horseweed, and many thistle species including Canada. Clopyralid is effective on clover (moreso than 2,4-D).

Dichlobenil (Casoron 4G or CS) volatizes rapidly under warm, moist soil conditions and must be applied in late fall or very early spring before the soil temperature exceeds 45°F to minimize such loss. It is absorbed principally by the roots of established and germinating weeds and rapidly translocated to growing points. This material is effective against a wide range of annual and established perennial grasses and weeds including nutsedge and quackgrass. Applications of 100 lb of 4G/A are effective on many annual grasses and broadleaf weeds, whereas 150 lb/A are usually required for control of most established perennials.

Diuron (Direx, Diuron, Karmex, Parrot) is effective against germinating annual broadleaf weeds and some annual grasses. It is absorbed by roots and translocated to the leaves where it interferes with photosynthesis. For best results it must be present in the soil before weed seeds germinate. Diuron is best used in combination with materials that are more effective on grasses. It is not effective on established perennial grasses or broadleaf weeds. Rates must be determined in relation to soil texture and organic matter content. Use is limited to APPLES, PEARS, and PEACHES. Labels do not recommend treatment of trees on full dwarf rootstocks.

Fluazifop-P butyl (Fusilade DX) is a selective postemergence herbicide effective on both annual and perennial grasses. Its best use is for control of grasses in newly planted orchards. Two applications are usually necessary with perennial grasses such as quackgrass. Spot treatments are suggested unless a severe grass problem exists. Inclusion of a nonionic surfactant enhances uptake by grass leaves. Can be used in STONE FRUIT ORCHARDS of any age and in NONBEARING APPLE and PEAR ORCHARDS.

Flumioxazin (Chateau WDG or EZ, Broadstar) is a herbicide with pre-emergent and postemergent activity, It provides residual control and will also enhance the activity of the burndown program with glyphosate or paraquat. It is readily absorbed by leaves, and quickly causes bleaching and wilting of weeds. It is effective for post-emergence control of many broadleaf weeds while they are small, 2-6 inches high, depending on the weed species. It also provides effective pre-emergent control of many broadleaf weeds and grasses. See label for application rates. If applied to trees established less than 1 year, the tree trunks must be protected with non-porous tree wraps. Label restricts application to before silver tip on apples and budbreak on stone fruit.

Fluroxypyr (Starane Ultra) controls many annual and certain perennial broadleaf weeds in pome fruit only. Apply to the foliage of actively growing weeds. Starane Ultra will not control certain common annual broadleaf weeds, including common lambsquarter and pigweed sp. Tank-mix with 2,4-D to improve the spectrum of annual broadleaf weeds controlled, or with a glyphosate product to control emerged annual grasses and broadleaf weeds, and with residual herbicides for season long annual weed control. For established apples and pears ONLY and registered in MAINE ONLY.

Glufosinate-ammonium (Rely 280, Cheetah) is a non-selective herbicide for application as a directed spray labeled for control of a broad spectrum of annual and perennial grass and broadleaf weeds. Rootsucker control in APPLES is not allowed on the Rely 280 label. It has no residual activity. Avoid all contact with foliage and green bark tissue since injury to the trees can result, especially in young trees.

Glyphosate (Roundup, Makaze, many generics and brand names) is a nonselective broad-spectrum herbicide for controlling established annual and perennial grasses and weeds plus woody brush, vines, and trees. The best timing of applications varies with weed type but is usually after weeds have developed full foliage and/or have begun to flower. Greatest effectiveness against nutsedge is obtained after tuber formation begins. Inclusion of 2,4-D and/or a nonionic surfactant is suggested to increase effectiveness, particularly on perennial broadleaf weeds. Glyphosate is absorbed through foliage and bark and translocated throughout the plant. Glyphosate may be applied as a directed spray or by wiper in APPLE, PEAR, and CHERRY orchards. Do not allow contact with foliage or bark on trunks of young fruit trees. Root-suckers or low branches that might be contacted by glyphosate should be removed at least 10 days before the glyphosate application. In APRICOT, PEACH, NECTARINE, PLUM, or PRUNE plantings, use wiper applications only. PEACHES and PLUMS are EXTREMELY SENSITIVE to glyphosate, and ANY contact with leaves or small branches or trunks of young trees may result in severe damage or tree death.

Halosulfuron-methyl (Sandea) has both pre and post-emergent activity on broadleaf weeds and nutsedge. It is absorbed through weed roots, shoots, and foliage and is translocated within the plant. Do not apply to trees established less than 1 year. Best results require application with a broad-spectrum burndown herbicide. Nutsedge control is best at 3-5 leaf stage for first germination flush, then followup again for the second flush. APPLE and PEAR only.

Indaziflam (Alion) is a pre-emergent herbicide with both broadleaf and grass weed control. It is labeled on pome and stone fruit, but not to be used unless trees have been established 3-years or more. Alion provides preemergence, residual control of weeds. Moisture is needed for activation. Alion controls weeds by inhibiting cellulose biosynthesis in plants. Do not apply within 25 feet of ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, wetlands, and habitat containing aquatic and semi-aquatic plants.

Isoxaben (Gallery, Trellis) provides pre-emergence herbicide for control of broadleaf weeds in NON-BEARING orchards. Do not apply Gallery to newly transplanted non- bearing fruit and nut trees or non-bearing vineyards until soil or potting media has been settled by packing and irrigation or rainfall and no cracks are present or plant injury may occur. GALLERY IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED AS A POST-PLANT TREATMENT IN 1ST-LEAF ORCHARDS to control broadleaf weeds.

Lemon grass oil (Greenmatch EX) is a contact organic herbicide. Make application before weeds are less than six inches high.

Norflurazon (Solicam DF) at rates recommended provides control of most annual grasses and many annual broadleaf weeds plus suppression of quackgrass and nutsedge. It is absorbed by roots and translocated to growing points where it inhibits pigment formation. Solicam must be applied and moved into the soil by rainfall or irrigation before seed germination. Rates of application depend on organic matter and clay contents of the soil and crop. Norflurazon is most frequently used in tank-mix combinations that will increase effectiveness of broadleaf weed control. Established perennial weeds are not effectively controlled by norflurazon. Registered for use in APPLE, PEAR, APRICOT, CHERRY, NECTARINE, PEACH, PLUM, and PRUNE, depending on tree age.

Oryzalin (Oryzalin, Surflan) provides effective control of most annual grasses and some annual broadleaf weeds. It is not effective against established weeds or grasses. Oryzalin is absorbed by roots of germinating seedlings and interferes with cell division. To be effective, it must be applied and moved into the soil by 1/2 - 1 inch of rainfall-before seed germination. Oryzalin can be used in newly planted orchards as soon as the soil settles around the roots and no open cracks are present. Can be used in all tree fruit crops.

Oxyfluorfen (Goal 2XL, Galigan, GoalTender, or Collide) has preemergence and postemergence activity as a contact herbicide. Uptake can be through leaves, stems, or roots, but very little translocation occurs in the plant. Destruction of membranes occurs when treated plant parts are exposed to light. Oxyfluorfen is primarily effective against seedling broadleaf weeds. It does not control established perennial weeds or grasses and is best used in tank-mix combinations with other appropriate herbicides. Applications of oxyfluorfen must be made while trees are dormant, before buds begin to swell, to avoid possible damage from vapors. Registered for use on all tree fruit crops of any age.

Paraquat dichloride (Gramoxone Inteon or SL, Firestorm, Parazone) is a nonselective contact herbicide that is effective in killing emerged annual broadleaf weeds and grasses and top-kills and suppression of perennials. It is rapidly absorbed into foliage and green bark where it is effective in destroying cell membranes. Paraquat is strongly adsorbed onto soil colloids where it's degraded by microbial activity. Contact with foliage, branches, and green bark on trunks of young trees (particularly) can result in damage to the trees. Observe all worker safety cautions specified on labels when mixing, handling, or applying paraquat. KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN. Registered for use on all tree fruit crops.

Pelargonic acid (Scythe) and is a contact herbicide with moderate burn-down action (depending on rate) on annual and perennial broadleaf weeds and grasses. Somewhat effective at burning leaves on rootsuckers, and only herbicide specifically labeled for rootsucker ‘control.’ Use higher rates for greatest effect, however, quite expensive at higher rates.

Pendimethalin (Acumen, Pendimax, Pendulum, Prowl) is effective in controlling most annual grasses and some annual broadleaf weeds when used in preemergence applications. Primary mode of action is through root uptake and subsequent inhibition of cell division. Pendimethalin can be used in newly planted orchards. Combination with a contact herbicide is necessary to control emerged or established weeds. The lower the rate, the shorter the weed control duration. It is effective for pre-emergent control of many grasses as well as some broadleaf weeds such as pigweed and lambsquarters. Best on grasses.

Pronamide (Kerb) is effective in controlling winter annual and perennial grasses and chickweed. It is absorbed by roots and translocated throughout the plant. Pronamide must be applied in late fall when temperature does not exceed 55 F. but before soil freeze-up, and moved into the soil by rain to be effective. The range of activity on broadleaf weeds is limited, requiring additional measures for their control. Rates of application are determined by the type of grass being controlled and by soil texture.

Pyraflufen ethyl (Venue) is a PPO inhibitor that is a nonselective contact herbicide for post-emergence control of broadleaf weeds in tree fruit crops. It is often tank mixed with other herbicides such as glyphosate, paraquat or glufosinate to speed up the burndown of weeds to cause rapid plant desiccation. The addition of a chemical with a different mode of action appears to improve weed kill and helps avoid development of weed resistance to herbicides. Venue is most effective when the weeds are small, 2-4 inches height. Venue is labeled for use on all POME and STONE fruits. A supplemental label allows use on rootsuckers, but otherwise avoid contact with green trunk bark (young trees).

Rimsulfuron (Matrix, Pruvin, Solida) controls certain broadleaf weeds and grasses in stone and pome fruit established for at least 1 full growing season. Matrix is absorbed through roots and leaves inhibiting growth of susceptible leaves. Matrix is most effective if half an inch of rainfall or irrigation occurs within 2 weeks of application. Matrix is mainly a pre-emergent herbicide but can provide some post-emergent control if weeds are still in seedling stage; but Matrix applications should include a burndown herbicide such as glyphosate, paraquat, or glufosinate. Reduced weed control may result if applied to heavy weed residue, limiting even distribution of Matrix to the soil surface.

Saflufenacil (Treevix) is a post-emergent burndown for broadleaf weeds but must be tank mixed with a grass herbicide or broad-spectrum post-emergent herbicide such as glyphosate for improved control of marestail. Tank mixing with paraquat is not recommended; it may reduce the efficacy of TreeVix. TreeVix requires the use of MSO (methylated seed oil) as an adjuvant for best results.

Sethoxydim (Poast) is a selective grass herbicide for use in controlling established annual and perennial grasses. It does not control broadleaf weeds or sedges. A crop-oil concentrate must be used with sethoxydim. Suggested rates depend on height of grasses being treated.

Simazine (Princep, Sim-Trol, Simazine) is effective in controlling a wide range of annual broadleaf weeds and grasses. It does not control established perennial weeds or grasses. Simazine is taken up by roots and translocated to the leaves where it interferes with photosynthesis. It must be applied and moved into the soil before weeds germinate to be most effective; therefore, late fall or very early spring applications are suggested. (Note that some formulations of simazine have a 150 day PHI in pome fruit, which limits spring applicatiom.) Activity is reduced in soils of low pH. Resistant weeds such as pigweeds and lambsquarters have been found where simazine has been the principal herbicide used. Control of these weeds has been achieved by using tank-mix combinations with other pre-emergent herbicides. Rates of simazine application and crop tolerance depend on soil texture and organic-matter content as well as crop and tree age.

Sulfentrazone (Zeus Prime XC) is a pre-emergent herbicide effective on broadleaf weeds and suppressive of grasses. It is combined with carfentrazone-ethyl in Zeus Prime XC herbicide (FMC Corp.) to provide both contact and residual herbicide activity. Apples only at this time, and may not be registered in all New England states.

Terbacil (Sinbar WDG) is effective in controlling most annual grasses and broadleaf weeds and in providing partial control or suppression of such perennials as quackgrass, horsenettle, and nutsedge. Terbacil is absorbed by plant roots and is translocated to the leaves where it interferes with photosynthesis. Residual activity of terbacil in the soil is relatively long-lived. This material is frequently used in tank-mix combinations with diuron or simazine. Application rates and crop tolerance depend on soil texture and organic-matter content as well as crop and tree age. (READ THE LABEL.) Terbacil is also registered for newly-planted fruit trees at LOW rates after the soil has settled and young and non-bearing apple, peach, plum, apricot and cherry trees at reduced rates.

Trifluralin (Snapshot, Treflan) is a pre-emergent herbicide for use in non-bearing orchards only. It controls both broadleaf weeds and grasses.

Written by: Renae Moran, U. of Maine

Weed control options for new plantings (1st-leaf, read label for precautions)

TYPE	WEEDS	PRODUCTS	CHEMICAL	ACTIVITY	COMMENTS
pre-emergent	annual grass, some broadleaf	Surflan Oryzalin	oryzalin	systemic	wait for soil to settle; requires rainfall or irrigation
		Prowl H2O	pendimethalin	systemic
		Sinbar WDG	terbacil	contact/systemic	use caution in first leaf, wait for soil to settle, use low rate; read label for specifics
	broadleaf	Goal GoalTender Galligan Collide	oxyfluorfen	contact (some systemic)	dormant trees only; vapor toxic to foliage
		Gallery	isoxaben	systemic	wait for soil to settle; tank-mix with Prowl best option for weed control in new plantings
post-emergent	grass, broadleaf	Gramoxone	paraquat	contact	restricted use, highly toxic, no application to green bark (shield trunks)
		Roundup and generics	glyphosate	contact	shield trunks
	young broadleaf	Goal GoalTender Galligan Collide	oxyfluorfen	contact (some systemic)	seedlings only; dormant trees only; vapors can be phytotoxic
		Aim	carfentrazone-ethyl	contact	shield trunks
		Venue	pyraflufen-ethyl	contact	shield trunks
	grasses	Select 2EC Select Max	clethodim	systemic	non-bearing only
		Fusilade DX	fluazifop	systemic	stone fruit all ages; apple and pear non-bearing only
		Poast	sethoxidim	systemic	plum non-bearing only

Written by: Jon Clements

Trade Name	Active Ingredient	Type	EPA Reg No	REI (HRS)	PHI (DAYS)	Rate/Acre	Target Weeds	Crops	Min. Tree Age
ACUMEN	PENDIMETHALIN	pre-emergent	241-337-55467	24	N/A		grass	all	0 yr
AIM EC	CARFENTRAZONE-ETHYL	contact	279-3241	12	3	1 to 2.0 oz.	broadleaf	all	1 yr
ALION	INDAZIFLAM	pre-emergent	264-1106	12	14	3.5 to 6.5 oz	broadleaf, grass	all	3 yr
AMINE 4, 2-4 D (CPS)	2-4 D	contact	34704-120	48	14		broadleaf	all	1 yr
ARROW OR CLETHODIM 2EC	CLETHODIM	contact	66222-60	24	N/A		grass	all	0 yr
AXXE	Ammonium Nonanoate	contact	70299-23	4	0	6 to 15 % spray solution V/V	broadleaf, grass	all	---
BROADSTAR	FLUMIOXAZIN	contact, pre-emergent	59639-128	12	365		Preemergence weed conrol	all	1 yr
BUCCANEER	GLYPHOSATE	contact	55467-10	12	1		broadleaf, grass	all	0 yr
CASORON 4G	DICHLOBENIL	pre-emergent	400-168	12	N/A		broadleaf, grass	all	4 wk
CASORON CS	DICHLOBENIL	pre-emergent	400-541	24	N/A		broadleaf, grass	no peach	1 yr
CHATEAU WDG	FLUMIOXAZIN	contact, pre-emergent	59639-119	12	N/A	6-12 oz.	Preemergence weed conrol	all	1 yr
CHATEAU EZ	FLUMIOXAZIN	contact, pre-emergent	59639-221	12	60	6-12 fl. oz.	broadleafs, some grasses	all	1 yr
CHEETAH	GLUFOSINATE AMMONIUM	contact	71368-112	12	14		broadleaf, grass	all	0 yr
COLLIDE	OXYFLUORFEN	pre-emergent	70506-295	24	DORMANT	5-6 pt or 2-8pt	broadleaf	all	0 yr
DIREX	DIURON	pre-emergent	66222-54	12		0.8-1.6 quarts	annual and perrennial grassess and herbaceous weeds	apple, pear, peach	1 yr (3 yr peach)
DIURON (4L - LOVELAND)	DIURON	pre-emergent	34704-854	12	N/A		annual and perrennial grassess and herbaceous weeds	apple, pear, peach	1 yr (3 yr peach)
DIURON (4L - MAKHTESHIN-AGAN)	DIURON	pre-emergent	66222-54	12	N/A		annual and perrennial grassess and herbaceous weeds	apple, pear, peach	1 yr (3 yr peach)
DIURON (4L - WINFIELD SOLUTIONS)	DIURON	pre-emergent	9779-329	12	N/A		annual and perrennial grassess and herbaceous weeds	apple, pear, peach	1 yr (3 yr peach)
DIURON (80DF - MAKHTESHIN-AGAN)	DIURON	pre-emergent	66222-51	12	N/A		annual and perrennial grassess and herbaceous weeds	apple, pear, peach	1 yr (3 yr peach)
FIRESTORM	PARAQUAT DICHLORIDE	contact	82557-1-400	12	N/A	1.7-2.7 pints	broadleaf, grass	all	0 yr
Fusilade	Fluazifop-P-butyl	100-1070	12	365	16 to 24 fl oz	annual and perennial grasses	all	0 yr
GALIGAN	OXYFLUORFEN	pre-emergent	66222-28	24	N/A	4-6 pints	broadleaf	all	0 yr
GALLERY	ISOXABEN	pre-emergent	62719-145	12			broadleaf	all	0 yr
GLYFOS XTRA	GLYPHOSATE	contact	4787-23	4			broadleaf, grass	all	0 yr
GLYPHOMAX	GLYPHOSATE	contact	62719-323	12	1		broadleaf, grass	all	0 yr
GOAL 2XL	OXYFLUORFEN	pre-emergent	62719-424	24	N/A	varies	broadleaf	all	0 yr
GOALTENDER	OXYFLUORFEN	pre-emergent	62719-447	48		Pre 2.5-4 pt/acre, Post 1-4 pt/acre	broadleaf	all	0 yr
GRAMOXONE INTEON	PARAQUAT	contact	100-1217	12	28		broadleaf, grass	all	0 yr
GRAMOXONE SL	PARAQUAT DICHLORIDE	contact	100-1217	24		2.5-4 pts	broadleaf, grass	all	0 yr
GREENMATCH EX	LEMON GRASS OIL	contact	NA	NA	NA		broadleaf, grass	all	0 yr
HONCHO PLUS	GLYPHOSATE	contact	524-454	12	17	1 PT-5QTS	broadleaf, grass	all	0 yr
KARMEX	DIURON	pre-emergent	1812-362	12	N/A		annual and perrennial grassess and herbaceous weeds	apple, pear, peach	1 yr (3 yr peach)
KERB	PRONAMIDE	roots	62719-397	24	N/A		grass, chickweed	all	0.5 to 1 yr
KERB	PRONAMIDE	roots	62719-578	24		3.5 - 7 pints/acre	Winter annual and perennial grasses, certain broadleaf weeds	all	0.5 to 1 yr
MAKAZE	GLYPHOSATE	contact	34704-890	4	0		broadleaf, grass	all	0 yr
MATRIX SG	RIMSULFURON	pre-emergent	352-768-AA	4	7	4 oz	broadleaf, grass	all	1 yr
MIRAGE	GLYPHOSATE	contact	524-445-34704	12	1		broadleaf, grass	all	0 yr
Omni Brand CLETHODIM 2 EC	Clethodim	contact	38167-39-5905	24	365	see label	grass	all	0 yr
ORCHARD MASTER	2,4-D	contact	2217-703	48	14		broadleaf	all	1 yr
ORYZALIN	ORYZALIN	pre-emergent	66222-138	24	N/A		broadleaf, grass	all	0 yr
PARAZONE	PARAQUAT DICHLORIDE	contact	66222-130	24-Dec	28	1.7-2.7 pints	broadleaf, grass	all	0 yr
PARROT	DIURON	pre-emergent	66222-51	12		1-2 lbs/acre depending on soil	annual and perrennial grassess and herbaceous weeds	apple, pear, peach	1 yr (3 yr peach)
PENDIMAX 3.3	PENDIMETHALIN	pre-emergent	68156-6-62719	24	N/A		grass	all	0 yr
PENDULUM 2G GRANULE	PENDIMETHALIN	pre-emergent	241-375	24	N/A		grass	all	0 yr
PENDULUM 3.3EC	PENDIMETHALIN	pre-emergent	241-341	24	N/A		grass	all	0 yr
PENDULUM WGD	PENDIMETHALIN	pre-emergent	241-340	24	N/A		grass	all	0 yr
POAST	SETHOXYDIM	contact	7969-58-51036	12	14	1-2.5 pints	grass	all	0 yr
PRINCEP	SIMAZINE	pre-emergent	100-526	12	14		broadleaf, grass	all	1 yr
PRINCEP CALIBER	SIMAZINE	pre-emergent	100-603	12	14		broadleaf, grass	all	1 yr
PRISM	CLETHODIM	contact	59639-78	24	n/a		grass	all	0 yr
PROWL 3.3EC	PENDIMETHALIN	pre-emergent	241-337	24	N/A		grass	all	0 yr
PROWL H20	PENDIMETHALIN	pre-emergent	241-418	24	N/A		grass	all	0 yr
PRUVIN	RIMSULFURON	pre-emergent	66222-184	4	7		broadleaf, grass	all	1 yr
RAGE	CARFENTRAZONE-ETHYL, GLYPHOSATE	contact	279-3307	12	VARIES		broadleaf, grass	all	1 yr
RATTLER PLUS	GLYPHOSATE	contact	524-454-5905	12	1		broadleaf, grass	all	0 yr
RECOIL	GLYPHOSATE	contact	71368-35	12	14	1-4 qts. in 15-100 gal H20	broadleaf, grass	all	0 yr
REGLONE	DIQUAT DIBROMIDE	contact	100-1061	24	N/A	1.5-2 pts. in >15 gal H20	broadleaf, grass	all
RELY 280	GLUFOSINATE AMMONIUM	contact	264-652	12	14		broadleaf, grass	all	0 yr
ROUNDUP (ORIGINAL - MONSANTO)	GLYPHOSATE	contact	524-445	12	1		broadleaf, grass	all	0 yr
ROUNDUP (ORIGINAL II - MONSANTO)	GLYPHOSATE	contact	524-454	12	1		broadleaf, grass	all	0 yr
ROUNDUP (ORIGINAL MAX - MONSANTO)	GLYPHOSATE	contact	524-539	12	1		broadleaf, grass	all	0 yr
ROUNDUP (ULTRA DRY - MONSANTO)	GLYPHOSATE	contact	524-504	12	1		broadleaf, grass	all	0 yr
ROUNDUP (ULTRA MAX - MONSANTO)	GLYPHOSATE	contact	524-512	12	1		broadleaf, grass	all	0 yr
ROUNDUP ULTRA MAX II OR	GLYPHOSATE	contact	524-537	12	1		broadleaf, grass	all	0 yr
SABER	2,4-D	contact	34704-803	48	14		broadleaf	all	1 yr
SANDEA	HALOSULFURON-METHYL	contact, pre-emergent	81880-18-10163	12	14	0.5 to 1 oz	annual broadleaf, nutsedge	apple, pear	1 yr
SCYTHE	PELARGONIC ACID	contact	62719-529	12	N/A	varies	broadleaf, grass	all	0 yr
SELECT 2EC	CLETHODIM	contact	59639-3	24	N/A		grass	all	0 yr
SELECT MAX	CLETHODIM	contact	59639-132	24			grass	all	0 yr
SHADOW	CLETHODIM	contact	66330-353	24	N/A		grass	all	0 yr
SIM-TROL	SIMAZINE	pre-emergent	35915-11-60063	12	150	2-4 qts	broadleaf, grass	all	1 yr
SIMAZINE (4L - DREXEL)	SIMAZINE	pre-emergent	19713-60	12	14		broadleaf, grass	all	1 yr
SIMAZINE (90DF - DREXEL)	SIMAZINE	pre-emergent	19713-252	12	14		broadleaf, grass	all	1 yr
SINBAR WDG	terbacil	roots	352-317	12	60		annual grasses, broadleaf weeds	all	0 yr
SNAPSHOT	TRIFLURALIN	pre-emergent	62719-175	12			annual grasses, broadleaf weeds	all	0 yr
SOLICAM	NORFLURAZON	pre-emergent	100-849	12	60		broadleaf, grass	all	see label
SOLIDA	RIMSULFURON	pre-emergent	67760-105	4	7		broadleaf, grass	all	1 yr
SPUR	CLOPYRALID	contact	42750-89	12	30	1/4 - 2/3 pint	Broadleaf Weeds	all	0 yr (1 yr apple)
Starane Ultra	Fluroxypyr	contact	62719-577	24	14	0.7 to 1.4 pt	Broadleaf Weeds	apple, pear	4 yr
Stinger	CLOPYRALID	contact	62719-73	12		0.33 to 0.67 pint	Broadleaf Weeds	apple, peach, cherry	0 yr (1 yr apple)
SURFLAN (AS - UNITED PHOSPHORUS)	ORYZALIN	pre-emergent	70506-43	24	N/A		broadleaf, grass	all	0 yr
SURFLAN (DF - UNITED PHOSPHORUS)	ORYZALIN	pre-emergent	70506-46	24	N/A		broadleaf, grass	all	0 yr
TOUCHDOWN (SYNGENTA)	GLYPHOSATE	contact	100-1117	12	1		broadleaf, grass	all	0 yr
TOUCHDOWN (TOTAL - SYNGENTA)	GLYPHOSATE	contact	100-1169	12	1		broadleaf, grass	all	0 yr
TOUCHDOWN HI TECH	GLYPHOSATE	contact	100-1182	12	1		broadleaf, grass	all	0 yr
TREEVIX	SAFLUFENACIL	contact	7969-276	12	N/A	1 oz/acre	broadleaf	all	1 yr
TREFLAN	TRIFLURALIN	pre-emergent	68156-4	12	0	1-4 pt, differs based on soil condition	annual grasses, broadleaf weeds	peach	0 yr
TRELLIS	ISOXABEN	pre-emergent	62719-580	12			Broadleaf weeds	all	0 yr
TRIGGER	CLETHODIM	contact	42750-72	24	N/A		grass	all	0 yr
Unison	2,4-D	contact	5905-542	48	14	0.6 to 1.15 gal	Broadleaf weeds	all	1 yr
VENUE	PYRAFLUFEN ETHYL	contact	71711-325	12	N/A		broadleaf	all	0 yr
WEEDAR	2,4-D	contact	71368-1	48	14		broadleaf	all	1 yr
ZEUS Prime XC (FMC Corp.)	carfentrazone-ethyl + sulfentrazone	contact + pre-emergent	279-3337	12	14	7.7 to 15.2 fl oz	broadleaf and grass (suppression)	apple only	3 yr
WEEDESTROY AM-40	DIMETHYLAMINE SALT	contact	228-145	48	60	2 applications/crop cycle	broadleaf	peach, cherry	1 yr